Human insulin gene is a target gene of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha (HNF-1alpha) and HNF-1beta.

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a monogenic form of diabetes characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance, early-onset, and impaired insulin secretion. The type 3 and type 5 forms of MODY result from mutations in the genes encoding the transcription factor, hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1alpha and HNF-1beta, respectively. The mechanism by which mutations in one allele of the HNF-1 gene impair pancreatic beta cell function is unclear. We studied the effects of wild-type and four mutant (L12H, R263C, P379fsdelCT, and L584S585fsinsTC) HNF-1alpha, which were identified in Japanese subjects with MODY3 on human insulin gene transcription. Both wild-type (WT) HNF-1alpha and HNF-1beta bound to the oligonucleotide containing the A3 element sequence in the human insulin promoter and transactivated the insulin-luciferase reporter gene by 30- and 31-fold, respectively. In contrast, binding of L12H, R263C and L584S585fsinsTC-HNF-1alpha to the probe was impaired. Transactivation activity by the four mutant HNF-1alpha was reduced (4.3 to 43.3% of WT). These data suggest that the insulin gene is a candidate target gene of HNF-1alpha/HNF-1beta and the impairment of insulin gene transcription by mutations in the HNF-1 gene might be involved in the pathogenesis of MODY.