Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 11280080 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

Genetic counselling for schizophrenia in the era of molecular genetics.

Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie ·Vol. 46 ·No. 2 ·2001-03-00 ·Pages 123-30

Hodgkinson KA, Murphy J, O'Neill S, Brzustowicz L, Bassett AS

Abstract

To review the role of genetic counselling for individuals with psychiatric illnesses. Using schizophrenia as an example and including updated information about a genetic subtype (22q deletion syndrome), we discuss the value of the genetic counselling process in psychiatry, with support from the literature and our clinical experience. Genetic counselling, the process through which knowledge about the genetics of illnesses is shared, provides information on the inheritance of illnesses and their recurrence risks; addresses the concerns of patients, their families, and their health care providers; and supports patients and their families dealing with these illnesses. For comprehensive medical management, this service should be available to all individuals with schizophrenia and their families. New findings in the genetics of psychiatric illness may have important clinical implications for patients and their families.

MeSH Terms
Chromosome Deletion Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22 Genetic Counseling Humans Molecular Biology Risk Factors Schizophrenia/genetics,prevention & control
Authors & Affiliations
5 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Hodgkinson K A
Genetics Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland.
Murphy J
O'Neill S
Brzustowicz L
Bassett A S
References (84)
84 references, click to expand
  1. Long term mental illness in Canada: an epidemiological perspective on schizophrenia and affective disorders.
    Can J Psychiatry. 1984 Apr;29(3):242-6 PMID: 6529715
  2. Duration of psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia.
    Am J Psychiatry. 1992 Sep;149(9):1183-8 PMID: 1503130
  3. Genetic testing and Alzheimer disease: recommendations of the Stanford Program in Genomics, Ethics, and Society.
    Genet Test. 1999;3(1):3-12 PMID: 10464572
  4. Genetic counseling.
    Am J Hum Genet. 1974 Sep;26(5):636-59 PMID: 4609197
  5. Genetic dissection of complex traits: guidelines for interpreting and reporting linkage results.
    Nat Genet. 1995 Nov;11(3):241-7 PMID: 7581446
  6. Genetic counselling and psychiatric illness.
    Aust Fam Physician. 1987 Jul;16(7):958, 961-4 PMID: 3310991
  7. Different genetic background of schizophrenia spectrum psychoses: a twin study.
    Am J Psychiatry. 1998 Jan;155(1):76-83 PMID: 9433342
  8. Monozygotic twins with chromosome 22q11 deletion and discordant phenotype.
    J Med Genet. 1996 Mar;33(3):261 PMID: 8728708
  9. Management of schizophrenic psychoses: implications of genetic and metabolic investigations.
    Prog Clin Biol Res. 1979;34:71-9 PMID: 531068
  10. Investigation of Turner syndrome in schizophrenia.
    Am J Med Genet. 2000 Jun 12;96(3):373-8 PMID: 10898917
  11. Systematic mutation analysis of the catechol O-methyltransferase gene as a candidate gene for schizophrenia.
    Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Aug;156(8):1273-5 PMID: 10450274
  12. A high-density genome scan detects evidence for a bipolar-disorder susceptibility locus on 13q32 and other potential loci on 1q32 and 18p11.2.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 May 11;96(10):5604-9 PMID: 10318931
  13. Behavioural phenotypes in dysmorphic syndromes.
    Clin Dysmorphol. 1995 Apr;4(2):105-15 PMID: 7606317
  14. The adopted-away offspring of schizophrenics.
    Am J Psychiatry. 1971 Sep;128(3):307-11 PMID: 5570995
  15. Linkage strategies for genetically complex traits. I. Multilocus models.
    Am J Hum Genet. 1990 Feb;46(2):222-8 PMID: 2301392
  16. Determinants of psychological distress in relatives of people with chronic schizophrenia.
    Schizophr Bull. 1993;19(3):619-25 PMID: 8235462
  17. Knowledge of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene and its clinical application.
    Ann Med. 1994 Jun;26(3):205-8 PMID: 8074838
  18. 22q11 deletion in DGS/VCFS monozygotic twins with discordant phenotypes.
    Genet Couns. 1999;10(1):43-9 PMID: 10191428
  19. DiGeorge syndrome and related syndromes associated with 22q11.2 deletions. A review.
    Ann Genet. 1995;38(2):59-76 PMID: 7486827
  20. Schizophrenia susceptibility loci on chromosomes 13q32 and 8p21.
    Nat Genet. 1998 Sep;20(1):70-3 PMID: 9731535
  21. Monozygotic twins with 22q11 deletion and discordant phenotypes.
    J Med Genet. 1996 Feb;33(2):173 PMID: 8929959
  22. Location of a major susceptibility locus for familial schizophrenia on chromosome 1q21-q22.
    Science. 2000 Apr 28;288(5466):678-82 PMID: 10784452
  23. Schizophrenia susceptibility associated with interstitial deletions of chromosome 22q11.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Aug 15;92(17):7612-6 PMID: 7644464
  24. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992 May;49(5):362-8 PMID: 1586271
  25. Offspring of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989 Oct;46(10):873-7 PMID: 2802926
  26. The future of psychiatry.
    Lancet. 1973 Dec 15;2(7842):1371-5 PMID: 4128063
  27. Prevalence of 22q11 microdeletion.
    J Med Genet. 1996 Aug;33(8):719 PMID: 8863171
  28. Epilepsy and psychosis--ask the family.
    Br J Psychiatry. 1987 May;150:702-3 PMID: 3651710
  29. High rates of schizophrenia in adults with velo-cardio-facial syndrome.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Oct;56(10):940-5 PMID: 10530637
  30. Genetics of bipolar disorder.
    J Med Genet. 1999 Aug;36(8):585-94 PMID: 10465107
  31. Health and economic evaluation in schizophrenia: implications for health policies.
    Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1994;382:84-8 PMID: 8092004
  32. Genetic basis of schizophrenia.
    Lancet. 1995 Sep 9;346(8976):678-82 PMID: 7658823
  33. Twin concordance for DSM-III schizophrenia. Scrutinizing the validity of the definition.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987 Jul;44(7):634-41 PMID: 3606329
  34. Personality disorders among the relatives of schizophrenia patients.
    Schizophr Bull. 1994;20(3):481-93 PMID: 7973465
  35. Genetic studies of alcoholism and substance dependence.
    Am J Hum Genet. 1999 Sep;65(3):599-605 PMID: 10441565
  36. Hexosaminidase A deficiency in adults.
    Am J Med Genet. 1986 May;24(1):179-96 PMID: 2939718
  37. Inheritance of schizophrenia.
    Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1974;247:1-116 PMID: 4533231
  38. Genetic insights into schizophrenia.
    Can J Psychiatry. 2001 Mar;46(2):131-7 PMID: 11280081
  39. Health economics and cost implications of anxiety and other mental disorders in the United States.
    Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1998;(34):4-9 PMID: 9829010
  40. The family history approach to diagnosis. How useful is it?
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986 May;43(5):421-9 PMID: 3964020
  41. A polygenic theory of schizophrenia.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1967 Jul;58(1):199-205 PMID: 5231600
  42. Perspectives on the genetics of schizophrenia: a re-evaluation of Kallmann's contribution--its influence and current relevance.
    Psychiatr Q. 1972;46(3):356-62 PMID: 4574616
  43. Apolipoprotein E genotyping in Alzheimer's disease. National Institute on Aging/Alzheimer's Association Working Group.
    Lancet. 1996 Apr 20;347(9008):1091-5 PMID: 8602063
  44. 22q11 deletion syndrome: a genetic subtype of schizophrenia.
    Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Oct 1;46(7):882-91 PMID: 10509171
  45. Molecular genetics of Alzheimer's disease.
    Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Feb 1;47(3):183-99 PMID: 10682216
  46. Genetic counselling: its need in psychiatry and the directions it gives for future research.
    Can J Psychiatry. 1984 Jun;29(4):289-94 PMID: 6733660
  47. Psychiatric disorders in the families of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
    Psychiatry Res. 1992 May;42(2):111-20 PMID: 1631248
  48. Genomics: the next psychiatric revolution?
    Br J Psychiatry. 1996 Aug;169(2):135-8 PMID: 8871788
  49. Outcome study of first-episode psychosis. I: Relapse rates after 1 year.
    Am J Psychiatry. 1986 Sep;143(9):1155-8 PMID: 2875663
  50. A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 Apr;57(4):358-63 PMID: 10768697
  51. The law, adolescents, and the APOE epsilon 4 genotype: a view from Canada.
    Genet Test. 1999;3(1):107-13 PMID: 10464584
  52. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia. The Canadian Psychiatric Association.
    Can J Psychiatry. 1998 Nov;43 Suppl 2:25S-40S PMID: 9825175
  53. Familial aggregation of psychotic symptoms in Huntington's disease.
    Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Dec;157(12):1955-9 PMID: 11097960
  54. Neuropsychiatric aspects of the adult variant of Tay-Sachs disease.
    J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998 Winter;10(1):10-9 PMID: 9547461
  55. Genotype and phenotype analysis at the 22q11 schizophrenia susceptibility locus.
    Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1996;61:835-43 PMID: 9246508
  56. Pilot study on patients' and spouses' attitudes toward potential genetic testing for bipolar disorder.
    Am J Psychiatry. 1998 Jul;155(7):899-904 PMID: 9659854
  57. Points to consider: ethical, legal, and psychosocial implications of genetic testing in children and adolescents. American Society of Human Genetics Board of Directors, American College of Medical Genetics Board of Directors.
    Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Nov;57(5):1233-41 PMID: 7485175
  58. Proceed with care: direct predictive testing for Huntington disease.
    Am J Hum Genet. 1994 Oct;55(4):606-17 PMID: 7942838
  59. The continuum of psychosis and its implication for the structure of the gene.
    Br J Psychiatry. 1986 Oct;149:419-29 PMID: 3814925
  60. Age of onset and familial risk in major depression.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 May;57(5):513-4 PMID: 10807494
  61. Schizophrenia: a bag of dilemmas.
    Soc Biol. 1976 SUMMER;23(2):123-34 PMID: 1019623
  62. Relationship between the effectiveness of lithium therapy and family history.
    Am J Psychiatry. 1973 Sep;130(9):1011-3 PMID: 4580440
  63. Obsessive compulsive disorder and mood disorders: a family study.
    Am J Med Genet. 1995 Dec 18;60(6):475-9 PMID: 8825883
  64. Clinical genetics and genetic counseling in Alzheimer disease.
    Ann Intern Med. 1991 Oct 15;115(8):601-6 PMID: 1892331
  65. The genetics of schizophrenia: a current, genetic-epidemiologic perspective.
    Schizophr Bull. 1993;19(2):261-85 PMID: 8322035
  66. Genetic counseling for psychiatric patients and their families.
    Am J Psychiatry. 1978 Dec;135(12):1465-75 PMID: 717559
  67. Phenotype of adults with the 22q11 deletion syndrome: A review.
    Am J Med Genet. 1999 Oct 8;86(4):359-65 PMID: 10494092
  68. Molecular genetics of Alzheimer disease.
    Semin Neurol. 1999;19(4):371-83 PMID: 10716660
  69. The Roscommon Family Study. I. Methods, diagnosis of probands, and risk of schizophrenia in relatives.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Jul;50(7):527-40 PMID: 8317947
  70. Linkage of familial schizophrenia to chromosome 13q32.
    Am J Hum Genet. 1999 Oct;65(4):1096-103 PMID: 10486329
  71. Schizophrenia: genetic tools for unraveling the nature of a complex disorder.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Aug 15;92(17):7607-8 PMID: 7644462
  72. Psychotic illness in patients diagnosed with velo-cardio-facial syndrome and their relatives.
    J Nerv Ment Dis. 1994 Aug;182(8):476-8 PMID: 8040660
  73. Prenatal diagnosis of 22q11 microdeletion.
    Prenat Diagn. 1997 Nov;17(11):1033-7 PMID: 9399351
  74. Monozygotic twins with chromosome 22q11 deletion and discordant phenotype.
    J Med Genet. 1995 Sep;32(9):746-8 PMID: 8544199
  75. Psychiatric disorders in foster home reared children of schizophrenic mothers.
    Br J Psychiatry. 1966 Aug;112(489):819-25 PMID: 5966555
  76. Bioethics and genetic research in psychiatry.
    Br J Psychiatry. 2000 Feb;176:105-8 PMID: 10755043
  77. Confirming unexpressed genotypes for schizophrenia. Risks in the offspring of Fischer's Danish identical and fraternal discordant twins.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989 Oct;46(10):867-72 PMID: 2802925
  78. Genetics and psychiatry.
    Br J Psychiatry. 1997 Sep;171:201-2 PMID: 9337966
  79. Genetic counselling for schizophrenia.
    Br J Psychiatry. 1985 Aug;147:107-12 PMID: 4041685
  80. Clinical applications of psychiatric genetics.
    Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1982 Jan;52(1):45-57 PMID: 6948523
  81. Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders: the Maudsley twin psychosis series.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Feb;56(2):162-8 PMID: 10025441
  82. Genetic counselling for affective disease.
    Psychiatr J Univ Ott. 1989 Jun;14(2):323-7; discussion 349-51 PMID: 2668986
  83. Assessment of familial risks in the functional psychoses and their application in genetic counselling.
    Br J Psychiatry. 1978 Nov;133:385-403 PMID: 365285
  84. Bipolar spectrum disorders in patients diagnosed with velo-cardio-facial syndrome: does a hemizygous deletion of chromosome 22q11 result in bipolar affective disorder?
    Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Dec;153(12):1541-7 PMID: 8942449
Article Info
Journal
Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie
Abbr.
Can J Psychiatry
ISSN
0706-7437
Published
2001-03-00
Pages
123-30
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
7904187
PMCID
PMC3276586
Subset
IM
Grants
Canadian Institutes of Health Research · 38099 · Canada
Corrections
CommentIn
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]