Abstract
Mammalian responses to LPS require the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), CD14, and MD-2. We expressed fluorescent TLR4 in cell lines and found that TLR4 densely localized to the surface and the Golgi. Similar distributions were observed in human monocytes. Confocal imaging revealed rapid recycling of TLR4-CD14-MD-2 complexes between the Golgi and the plasma membrane. Fluorescent LPS followed these trafficking pathways in CD14-positive cells. The TLR4- adapter protein, MyD88, translocated to the cell surface upon LPS exposure, and cross-linking of surface TLR4 with antibody induced signaling. Golgi-associated TLR4 expression was disrupted by brefeldin A, yet LPS signaling was preserved. We conclude that LPS signaling may be initiated by surface aggregation of TLR4 and is not dependent upon LPS trafficking to the Golgi.
MeSH Terms
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
Antigens, Surface/metabolism
Blotting, Western
Brefeldin A/pharmacology
Cell Line
Cell Separation
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Drosophila Proteins
Escherichia coli/metabolism
Flow Cytometry
Fluorescent Dyes/pharmacology
Genes, Reporter
Golgi Apparatus/metabolism
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Humans
Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/metabolism
Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism
Luciferases/metabolism
Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
Lymphocyte Antigen 96
Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
Microscopy, Confocal
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
Plasmids/metabolism
Precipitin Tests
Protein Binding
Protein Structure, Tertiary
Protein Transport
Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
Signal Transduction
Time Factors
Toll-Like Receptor 4
Toll-Like Receptors
Transfection
Chemicals
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
Antigens, Differentiation
Antigens, Surface
Drosophila Proteins
Fluorescent Dyes
LY96 protein, human
Lipopolysaccharide Receptors
Lipopolysaccharides
Luminescent Proteins
Lymphocyte Antigen 96
MYD88 protein, human
Membrane Glycoproteins
Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
Receptors, Cell Surface
Receptors, Immunologic
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
TLR4 protein, human
Toll-Like Receptor 4
Toll-Like Receptors
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Brefeldin A
Luciferases
Authors & Affiliations
8 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Latz Eicke
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Division of Infectious Diseases, Worcester 01605, USA.
Visintin Alberto
Lien Egil
Fitzgerald Kate A
Monks Brian G
Kurt-Jones Evelyn A
Golenbock Douglas T
Espevik Terje