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PMID: 12364791 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.

Science (New York, N.Y.) ·Vol. 298 ·No. 5591 ·2002-10-04 ·Pages 129-49

Holt RA, Subramanian GM, Halpern A, Sutton GG, Charlab R, Nusskern DR, Wincker P, Clark AG, Ribeiro JM, Wides R, Salzberg SL, Loftus B, Yandell M, Majoros WH, Rusch DB, Lai Z, Kraft CL, Abril JF, Anthouard V, Arensburger P, Atkinson PW, Baden H, de Berardinis V, Baldwin D, Benes V, Biedler J, Blass C, Bolanos R, Boscus D, Barnstead M, Cai S, Center A, Chaturverdi K, Christophides GK, Chrystal MA, Clamp M, Cravchik A, Curwen V, Dana A, Delcher A, Dew I, Evans CA, Flanigan M, Grundschober-Freimoser A, Friedli L, Gu Z, Guan P, Guigo R, Hillenmeyer ME, Hladun SL, Hogan JR, Hong YS, Hoover J, Jaillon O, Ke Z, Kodira C, Kokoza E, Koutsos A, Letunic I, Levitsky A, Liang Y, Lin JJ, Lobo NF, Lopez JR, Malek JA, McIntosh TC, Meister S, Miller J, Mobarry C, Mongin E, Murphy SD, O'Brochta DA, Pfannkoch C, Qi R, Regier MA, Remington K, Shao H, Sharakhova MV, Sitter CD, Shetty J, Smith TJ, Strong R, Sun J, Thomasova D, Ton LQ, Topalis P, Tu Z, Unger MF, Walenz B, Wang A, Wang J, Wang M, Wang X, Woodford KJ, Wortman JR, Wu M, Yao A, Zdobnov EM, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Zhao S, Zhu SC, Zhimulev I, Coluzzi M, della Torre A, Roth CW, Louis C, Kalush F, Mural RJ, Myers EW, Adams MD, Smith HO, Broder S, Gardner MJ, Fraser CM, Birney E, Bork P, Brey PT, Venter JC, Weissenbach J, Kafatos FC, Collins FH, Hoffman SL

Abstract

Anopheles gambiae is the principal vector of malaria, a disease that afflicts more than 500 million people and causes more than 1 million deaths each year. Tenfold shotgun sequence coverage was obtained from the PEST strain of A. gambiae and assembled into scaffolds that span 278 million base pairs. A total of 91% of the genome was organized in 303 scaffolds; the largest scaffold was 23.1 million base pairs. There was substantial genetic variation within this strain, and the apparent existence of two haplotypes of approximately equal frequency ("dual haplotypes") in a substantial fraction of the genome likely reflects the outbred nature of the PEST strain. The sequence produced a conservative inference of more than 400,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that showed a markedly bimodal density distribution. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed strong evidence for about 14,000 protein-encoding transcripts. Prominent expansions in specific families of proteins likely involved in cell adhesion and immunity were noted. An expressed sequence tag analysis of genes regulated by blood feeding provided insights into the physiological adaptations of a hematophagous insect.

MeSH Terms
Animals Anopheles/classification,genetics,parasitology,physiology Biological Evolution Blood Chromosome Inversion Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial Computational Biology DNA Transposable Elements Digestion Drosophila melanogaster/genetics Enzymes/chemistry,genetics,metabolism Expressed Sequence Tags Feeding Behavior Gene Expression Regulation Genes, Insect Genetic Variation Genome Haplotypes Humans Insect Proteins/chemistry,genetics,physiology Insect Vectors/genetics,parasitology,physiology Malaria, Falciparum/transmission Molecular Sequence Data Mosquito Control Physical Chromosome Mapping Plasmodium falciparum/growth & development Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide Proteome Sequence Analysis, DNA Species Specificity Transcription Factors/chemistry,genetics,physiology
Chemicals
DNA Transposable Elements Enzymes Insect Proteins Proteome Transcription Factors
Authors & Affiliations
123 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Holt Robert A
Celera Genomics, 45 West Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. [email protected]
Subramanian G Mani
Halpern Aaron
Sutton Granger G
Charlab Rosane
Nusskern Deborah R
Wincker Patrick
Clark Andrew G
Ribeiro José M C
Wides Ron
Salzberg Steven L
Loftus Brendan
Yandell Mark
Majoros William H
Rusch Douglas B
Lai Zhongwu
Kraft Cheryl L
Abril Josep F
Anthouard Veronique
Arensburger Peter
Atkinson Peter W
Baden Holly
de Berardinis Veronique
Baldwin Danita
Benes Vladimir
Biedler Jim
Blass Claudia
Bolanos Randall
Boscus Didier
Barnstead Mary
Cai Shuang
Center Angela
Chaturverdi Kabir
Christophides George K
Chrystal Mathew A
Clamp Michele
Cravchik Anibal
Curwen Val
Dana Ali
Delcher Art
Dew Ian
Evans Cheryl A
Flanigan Michael
Grundschober-Freimoser Anne
Friedli Lisa
Gu Zhiping
Guan Ping
Guigo Roderic
Hillenmeyer Maureen E
Hladun Susanne L
Hogan James R
Hong Young S
Hoover Jeffrey
Jaillon Olivier
Ke Zhaoxi
Kodira Chinnappa
Kokoza Elena
Koutsos Anastasios
Letunic Ivica
Levitsky Alex
Liang Yong
Lin Jhy-Jhu
Lobo Neil F
Lopez John R
Malek Joel A
McIntosh Tina C
Meister Stephan
Miller Jason
Mobarry Clark
Mongin Emmanuel
Murphy Sean D
O'Brochta David A
Pfannkoch Cynthia
Qi Rong
Regier Megan A
Remington Karin
Shao Hongguang
Sharakhova Maria V
Sitter Cynthia D
Shetty Jyoti
Smith Thomas J
Strong Renee
Sun Jingtao
Thomasova Dana
Ton Lucas Q
Topalis Pantelis
Tu Zhijian
Unger Maria F
Walenz Brian
Wang Aihui
Wang Jian
Wang Mei
Wang Xuelan
Woodford Kerry J
Wortman Jennifer R
Wu Martin
Yao Alison
Zdobnov Evgeny M
Zhang Hongyu
Zhao Qi
Zhao Shaying
Zhu Shiaoping C
Zhimulev Igor
Coluzzi Mario
della Torre Alessandra
Roth Charles W
Louis Christos
Kalush Francis
Mural Richard J
Myers Eugene W
Adams Mark D
Smith Hamilton O
Broder Samuel
Gardner Malcolm J
Fraser Claire M
Birney Ewan
Bork Peer
Brey Paul T
Venter J Craig
Weissenbach Jean
Kafatos Fotis C
Collins Frank H
Hoffman Stephen L
Article Info
Journal
Science (New York, N.Y.)
Abbr.
Science
ISSN
1095-9203
Published
2002-10-04
Pages
129-49
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
0404511
Subset
IM
Grants
NIAID NIH HHS · R01AI44273 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · U01AI48846 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · U01AI50687 · United States
Corrections
CommentIn
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