Secondary osteoporosis: underlying disease and the risk for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.

Chronic diseases of many organ systems require long-term (>or=1 year) treatment with glucocorticoids. Owing to the catabolic activity of glucocorticoid therapy, osteoporosis is a potential complication. This review discusses glucocorticoid-induced bone loss and the factors, including underlying disease, that increase the risk for osteoporosis. Therapeutic options for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) also are reviewed. A review of the English-language literature was conducted using the MEDLINE database and proceedings from scientific meetings. Search terms including glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, bone loss, and fracture were used to refine the search, and preference was given to studies published after 1990. Long-term glucocorticoid treatment causes bone loss that is most precipitous in the first 6 months. Patients treated with glucocorticoids have additional risk factors for bone loss and osteoporosis that are associated with their primary disease. Chronic diseases can cause changes in bone metabolism, leading to bone loss in addition to that induced by glucocorticoids alone. Bone loss can be minimized through proper nutrition, weight-bearing exercise, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and, where indicated, bisphosphonate treatment. The American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis guidelines recommend bisphosphonates for minimizing bone loss and fracture risk in patients at risk for GIO. Risedronate is indicated for the prevention and treatment of GIO, and alendronate is indicated for its treatment. Both risedronate and alendronate increase bone mineral density in patients at risk for GIO. Risedronate significantly reduces the incidence of vertebral fractures after 1 year of treatment (P<0.05). The effectiveness and tolerability of the bisphosphonates have not been established in pregnant women or pediatric patients. Men and women initiating long-term glucocorticoid treatment and those with GIO should be concomitantly treated with effective osteoporosis therapy to reduce fracture risk and counseled on preventive lifestyle changes.