Genetics and molecular biology of methanotrophs.

Over the last 20 years or so, the obligate methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs) have attracted considerable interest. As they grow on a relatively cheap and abundant carbon source, they appeared ideal organisms for the production of bulk chemicals, single-cell protein and for use in biotransformations. More recently their cooxidation properties have been investigated for bioremediation, including the removal of chlorinated compounds such as trichloroethylene from polluted groundwaters. These studies have resulted in a great deal of information on the physiology and biochemistry of methanotrophs but sadly the molecular biology and genetic studies of these organisms have lagged behind. This has been in part due to the obligate nature of the methanotrophs and the refractory nature of such organisms to conventional genetic analysis. However, the more recent availability of broad-host range plasmids coupled with improvements in molecular biology methods have allowed the development of molecular genetic techniques for methanotrophs. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known about the genetics and molecular biology of methanotrophs and how this information can be used to complement previous and current biochemical studies on the unique property of these bacteria, i.e. the ability to oxidize methane to methanol. Recent developments in molecular ecology techniques that may be applied to these apparently ubiquitous organism are also considered.