Intermediate filaments: molecular structure, assembly mechanism, and integration into functionally distinct intracellular Scaffolds.

The superfamily of intermediate filament (IF) proteins contains at least 65 distinct proteins in man, which all assemble into approximately 10 nm wide filaments and are principal structural elements both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm with essential scaffolding functions in metazoan cells. At present, we have only circumstantial evidence of how the highly divergent primary sequences of IF proteins lead to the formation of seemingly similar polymers and how this correlates with their function in individual cells and tissues. Point mutations in IF proteins, particularly in lamins, have been demonstrated to lead to severe, inheritable multi-systemic diseases, thus underlining their importance at several functional levels. Recent structural work has now begun to shed some light onto the complex fine tuning of structure and function in these fibrous, coiled coil forming multidomain proteins and their contribution to cellular physiology and gene regulation.