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PMID: 15236653 Published · epublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review

Conceptus signals for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy.

Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E ·Vol. 2 ·2004-07-05 ·Pages 49

Spencer TE, Bazer FW

Abstract

Establishment and maintenance of pregnancy results from signaling by the conceptus (embryo/fetus and associated extraembryonic membranes) and requires progesterone produced by the corpus luteum (CL). In most mammals, hormones produced by the trophoblast maintain progesterone production by acting directly or indirectly to maintain the CL. In domestic animals (ruminants and pigs), hormones from the trophoblast are antiluteolytic in that they act on the endometrium to prevent uterine release of luteolytic prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF). In cyclic and pregnant sheep, progesterone negatively autoregulates expression of the progesterone receptor (PR) gene in the endometrial luminal (LE) and superficial glandular epithelium (GE). Available evidence in cyclic sheep indicates that loss of the PR is closely followed by increases in epithelial estrogen receptors (ER) and then oxytocin receptors (OTR), allowing oxytocin to induce uterine release of luteolytic PGF pulses. In pregnant sheep, the conceptus trophoblast produces interferon tau (IFN tau) that acts on the endometrium to inhibit transcription of the ER alpha gene directly and the OTR gene indirectly to abrogate development of the endometrial luteolytic mechanism. Subsequently, sequential, overlapping actions of progesterone, IFN tau, placental lactogen (PL) and growth hormone (GH) comprise a hormonal servomechanism that regulates endometrial gland morphogenesis and terminal differentiated function to maintain pregnancy in sheep. In pigs, the conceptus trophoblast produces estrogen that alters the direction of PGF secretion from an endocrine to exocrine direction, thereby sequestering luteolytic PGF within the uterine lumen. Conceptus estrogen also increases expression of fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF-7) in the endometrial LE that, in turn, stimulates proliferation and differentiated functions of the trophectoderm, which expresses the FGF-7 receptor. Strategic manipulation of these physiological mechanisms can offer therapeutic schemes to improve uterine capacity, conceptus survival and reproductive health.

MeSH Terms
Animals Female Fertilization/physiology Humans Pregnancy Pregnancy Maintenance/physiology Signal Transduction/physiology
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Spencer Thomas E
Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA. [email protected]
Bazer Fuller W
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Article Info
Journal
Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E
Abbr.
Reprod Biol Endocrinol
ISSN
1477-7827
DOI
10.1186/1477-7827-2-49
Email
[email protected]
Published
2004-07-05
Epub
2004-00-05
Pages
49
Language
English
Region
England
NLM ID
101153627
PMCID
PMC471568
Subset
IM
Grants
NICHD NIH HHS · R01 HD032534 · United States
NICHD NIH HHS · HD32534 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-2-49 PMC Full Text View journal details
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