Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 15250815 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Meta-Analysis Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry.

Psychological bulletin ·Vol. 130 ·No. 4 ·2004-07-00 ·Pages 601-30

Segerstrom SC, Miller GE

Abstract

The present report meta-analyzes more than 300 empirical articles describing a relationship between psychological stress and parameters of the immune system in human participants. Acute stressors (lasting minutes) were associated with potentially adaptive upregulation of some parameters of natural immunity and downregulation of some functions of specific immunity. Brief naturalistic stressors (such as exams) tended to suppress cellular immunity while preserving humoral immunity. Chronic stressors were associated with suppression of both cellular and humoral measures. Effects of event sequences varied according to the kind of event (trauma vs. loss). Subjective reports of stress generally did not associate with immune change. In some cases, physical vulnerability as a function of age or disease also increased vulnerability to immune change during stressors.

MeSH Terms
Adolescent Adult Aged Child Child, Preschool Female Humans Male Middle Aged Stress, Psychological/psychology
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Segerstrom Suzanne C
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA. [email protected]
Miller Gregory E
References (314)
314 references, click to expand
  1. Differential effects of active versus passive coping on secretory immunity.
    Psychophysiology. 2001 Sep;38(5):836-46 PMID: 11577907
  2. Dynamics of stress-related decrease of salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA): relationship to symptoms of the common cold and studying behavior.
    Behav Med. 1998 Winter;23(4):161-9 PMID: 9494693
  3. Sense of humor, hassles, and immunoglobulin A: evidence for a stress-moderating effect of humor.
    Int J Psychiatry Med. 1988;18(2):93-105 PMID: 3170082
  4. Age-associated increased interleukin-6 gene expression, late-life diseases, and frailty.
    Annu Rev Med. 2000;51:245-70 PMID: 10774463
  5. The stability of and intercorrelations among cardiovascular, immune, endocrine, and psychological reactivity.
    Ann Behav Med. 2000 Summer;22(3):171-9 PMID: 11211850
  6. Chronic stress affects immunologic but not cardiovascular responsiveness to acute psychological stress in humans.
    Am J Physiol. 1994 Jan;266(1 Pt 2):R75-80 PMID: 8304558
  7. The glucocorticoid sensitivity of lymphocytes changes according to the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system.
    Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1995;20(3):269-80 PMID: 7777655
  8. Impaired natural killer cell activity during bereavement.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1987 Mar;1(1):98-104 PMID: 3451784
  9. Lymphocyte subset redistribution during acute laboratory stress in young adults: mediating effects of hemoconcentration.
    Health Psychol. 1997 Jul;16(4):341-8 PMID: 9237086
  10. Cellular immunity in depressed, conduct disorder, and normal adolescents: role of adverse life events.
    J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994 Jun;33(5):671-8 PMID: 8056730
  11. In vitro studies of natural killer cell activity in post traumatic stress disorder patients. Response to methionine-enkephalin challenge.
    Immunopharmacology. 1993 Mar-Apr;25(2):107-16 PMID: 8500983
  12. Slow-reacting immunoglobulin in relation to social support and changes in job strain: a preliminary note.
    Psychosom Med. 1990 Sep-Oct;52(5):511-6 PMID: 2247556
  13. Psychological stress may induce increased humoral and decreased cellular immunity.
    Behav Med. 2000 Fall;26(3):139-41 PMID: 11209594
  14. Cytokine dysregulation associated with exam stress in healthy medical students.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1998 Dec;12(4):297-307 PMID: 10080859
  15. Age-related changes in immune parameters in a very old population of Swedish people: a longitudinal study.
    Exp Gerontol. 1994 Sep-Oct;29(5):531-41 PMID: 7828662
  16. Natural killer (NK) cell activity and NK cell subsets in workers with a tendency of burnout.
    J Psychosom Res. 1999 Jun;46(6):569-78 PMID: 10454173
  17. Individual differences in prefrontal activation asymmetry predict natural killer cell activity at rest and in response to challenge.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1999 Jun;13(2):93-108 PMID: 10373275
  18. Stress-related immune suppression: health implications.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1987 Mar;1(1):7-20 PMID: 2837297
  19. Elevated cytotoxicity in combat veterans with long-term post-traumatic stress disorder: preliminary observations.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1998 Mar;12(1):74-9 PMID: 9570863
  20. Relationship of stress, distress, and the immunologic response to a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine.
    J Fam Pract. 1991 May;32(5):481-6 PMID: 1827147
  21. Immune variables, depression, and plasma cortisol over time in suddenly bereaved parents.
    J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1991 Summer;3(3):299-306 PMID: 1821246
  22. Stressful life events and symptom onset in HIV infection.
    Am J Psychiatry. 1991 Jun;148(6):733-8 PMID: 1674646
  23. Stress and secretory immunity.
    Int Rev Neurobiol. 2002;52:213-53 PMID: 12498106
  24. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus differ from healthy controls in their immunological response to acute psychological stress.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1999 Dec;13(4):287-302 PMID: 10600217
  25. Phenotype of blood lymphocytes in PTSD suggests chronic immune activation.
    Psychosomatics. 1999 May-Jun;40(3):222-5 PMID: 10341534
  26. Epstein-Barr virus antibodies in whole blood spots: a minimally invasive method for assessing an aspect of cell-mediated immunity.
    Psychosom Med. 2000 Jul-Aug;62(4):560-7 PMID: 10949102
  27. Severe stress, depressive symptoms, and changes in lymphocyte subsets in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men. A 2-year follow-up study.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997 Mar;54(3):279-85 PMID: 9075469
  28. Adrenocortical and behavioral predictors of immune responses to starting school.
    Pediatr Res. 1995 Dec;38(6):1009-17 PMID: 8618776
  29. Stressin and natural killer cell activity in professional soldiers.
    Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 Jun 30;851:526-30 PMID: 9668646
  30. Optimism is associated with mood, coping, and immune change in response to stress.
    J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998 Jun;74(6):1646-55 PMID: 9654763
  31. Changes of natural killer cells during acute psychological stress.
    J Clin Immunol. 1993 Mar;13(2):119-26 PMID: 8320310
  32. Vulnerable caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease have a deficit in circulating CD62L- T lymphocytes.
    Psychosom Med. 1999 Mar-Apr;61(2):168-74 PMID: 10204969
  33. Chronic stress, social support, and persistent alterations in the natural killer cell response to cytokines in older adults.
    Health Psychol. 1994 Jul;13(4):291-8 PMID: 7957007
  34. Immunologic changes occurring at kindergarten entry predict respiratory illnesses after the Loma Prieta earthquake.
    J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1993 Oct;14(5):296-303 PMID: 8254059
  35. Haematological changes during acute mental stress.
    Br J Haematol. 1989 Jan;71(1):153-6 PMID: 2917123
  36. Modulation of human natural killer cell activity by exposure to uncontrollable stress.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1992 Jun;6(2):141-56 PMID: 1504368
  37. The effect of daily Hassles of humoral immunity: an interaction moderated by locus of control.
    Biofeedback Self Regul. 1986 Jun;11(2):115-23 PMID: 3567231
  38. Mucosal wound healing is impaired by examination stress.
    Psychosom Med. 1998 May-Jun;60(3):362-5 PMID: 9625226
  39. Active coping style is associated with natural killer cell cytotoxicity in asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive homosexual men.
    J Psychosom Res. 1992 Oct;36(7):635-50 PMID: 1403998
  40. Psychological and neuroendocrine measures related to functional immune changes in anticipation of HIV-1 serostatus notification.
    Psychosom Med. 1990 Sep-Oct;52(5):496-510 PMID: 2247555
  41. Psychosocial modulation of cytokine-induced natural killer cell activity in older adults.
    Psychosom Med. 1996 May-Jun;58(3):264-72 PMID: 8771626
  42. Elevated levels of serum interleukin-1 beta in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder.
    Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Sep 1;42(5):345-8 PMID: 9276074
  43. Stress-associated changes in plasma immunoglobulin levels.
    Int J Psychosom. 1986;33(2):41-2 PMID: 3462168
  44. Immune responsiveness following academic stress in first-year medical students.
    J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2001 Sep;21(9):687-94 PMID: 11576463
  45. Chronic stress and immunity in family caregivers of Alzheimer's disease victims.
    Psychosom Med. 1987 Sep-Oct;49(5):523-35 PMID: 3671639
  46. Relation between aerobic fitness level and stress induced alterations in neuroendocrine and immune function.
    Int J Sports Med. 1999 Feb;20(2):136-41 PMID: 10190776
  47. Decline in CD28+ T cells in centenarians and in long-term T cell cultures: a possible cause for both in vivo and in vitro immunosenescence.
    Exp Gerontol. 1994 Nov-Dec;29(6):601-9 PMID: 9435913
  48. Cardiovascular and immune responses to acute psychological stress in young and old women: a meta-analysis.
    Psychosom Med. 1998 May-Jun;60(3):290-6 PMID: 9625216
  49. Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy.
    Circulation. 1999 Apr 27;99(16):2192-217 PMID: 10217662
  50. Effects of negative life events on immune suppression in children and youth infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
    Pediatrics. 2000 Sep;106(3):540-6 PMID: 10969100
  51. Life events, depressive symptoms, and immune function.
    Am J Psychiatry. 1987 Apr;144(4):437-41 PMID: 2952025
  52. Stress and immunity.
    Psychother Psychosom. 1982;37(3):176-84 PMID: 6983697
  53. Stress and reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus: a fusion of behavioral medicine and molecular biology.
    Ann Behav Med. 1995 Spring;17(2):116-23 PMID: 18425662
  54. Life stress and lymphocyte alterations among patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
    Health Psychol. 1989;8(1):1-14 PMID: 2565227
  55. Enumerative immune changes following acute stress: effect of the menstrual cycle.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1995 Sep;9(3):190-5 PMID: 8590816
  56. Pathways linking major depression and immunity in ambulatory female patients.
    Psychosom Med. 1999 Nov-Dec;61(6):850-60 PMID: 10593638
  57. Cognitive processing, discovery of meaning, CD4 decline, and AIDS-related mortality among bereaved HIV-seropositive men.
    J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998 Dec;66(6):979-86 PMID: 9874911
  58. Control and intrusive memories as possible determinants of chronic stress.
    Psychosom Med. 1993 May-Jun;55(3):274-86 PMID: 8346335
  59. Active confrontational coping predicts decreased clinical progression over a one-year period in HIV-infected homosexual men.
    J Psychosom Res. 1995 Nov;39(8):957-65 PMID: 8926605
  60. Immune, endocrine, and psychological responses in civilians displaced by war.
    Psychosom Med. 2000 Jul-Aug;62(4):502-8 PMID: 10949095
  61. Neural-immune interactions.
    Prog Brain Res. 1994;100:157-62 PMID: 7938514
  62. Electroencephalographic sleep and natural killer activity in depressed patients and control subjects.
    Psychosom Med. 1992 Jan-Feb;54(1):10-21 PMID: 1553396
  63. Psychological and immunological predictors of genital herpes recurrence.
    Psychosom Med. 1989 Mar-Apr;51(2):195-208 PMID: 2565589
  64. Psychosocial stress moderates the relationship of cancer history with natural killer cell activity.
    Ann Behav Med. 1998 Summer;20(3):199-208 PMID: 9989327
  65. Immune dysfunction associated with chronic professional stress in nurses.
    Psychiatry Res. 1999 Jan 18;85(1):105-11 PMID: 10195321
  66. Modulatory effects of defense and coping on stress-induced changes in endocrine and immune parameters.
    Int J Behav Med. 1995;2(2):85-103 PMID: 16250779
  67. Lifestyle incongruity, social integration, and immune function in Samoan adolescents.
    Soc Sci Med. 2001 Nov;53(10):1351-62 PMID: 11676405
  68. Stress and immune function in diabetes mellitus.
    Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1983 May;27(2):223-33 PMID: 6872353
  69. Bereavement, depression, and immune function.
    Psychiatry Res. 1994 Apr;52(1):1-10 PMID: 8047615
  70. Cell-mediated immunity as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in subjects over 60.
    J Gerontol. 1990 Mar;45(2):M45-8 PMID: 2313042
  71. The role of affiliative loss in the recruitment of helper cells among insulin-dependent diabetics.
    Behav Med. 1991 Spring;17(1):5-14 PMID: 1827998
  72. The effects of acute psychologic stress on cellular adhesion molecules.
    J Psychosom Res. 1996 Jul;41(1):49-53 PMID: 8887818
  73. Changes of immunoregulatory cells induced by psychological and physical stress: relationship to plasma catecholamines.
    Clin Exp Immunol. 1984 Oct;58(1):127-35 PMID: 6478647
  74. Types of stressors that increase susceptibility to the common cold in healthy adults.
    Health Psychol. 1998 May;17(3):214-23 PMID: 9619470
  75. Psychological stress as a determinant of protein levels and salivary-induced aggregation of Streptococcus gordonii in human whole saliva.
    Psychosom Med. 1996 Jul-Aug;58(4):374-82 PMID: 8827800
  76. Psychological interventions and the immune system: a meta-analytic review and critique.
    Health Psychol. 2001 Jan;20(1):47-63 PMID: 11199066
  77. Cytokines for psychologists: implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition.
    Psychol Rev. 1998 Jan;105(1):83-107 PMID: 9450372
  78. Decreased immune reactivity and neuroendocrine alterations related to chronic stress in spinal cord injury and stroke patients.
    Pathobiology. 1993;61(3-4):183-92 PMID: 8216840
  79. Differential effects of controllable and uncontrollable acute stress on lymphocyte proliferation and leukocyte percentages in humans.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1990 Dec;4(4):339-51 PMID: 2092868
  80. Chronic stress modulates the virus-specific immune response to latent herpes simplex virus type 1.
    Ann Behav Med. 1997 Spring;19(2):78-82 PMID: 9603681
  81. Stress, cortisol, and lymphocyte subpopulations.
    Lancet. 1984 Mar 10;1(8376):574 PMID: 6142297
  82. Experimental social fear: immunological, hormonal, and autonomic concomitants.
    Psychosom Med. 1996 May-Jun;58(3):273-86 PMID: 8771627
  83. Associations between stress, trait negative affect, acute immune reactivity, and antibody response to hepatitis B injection in healthy young adults.
    Health Psychol. 2001 Jan;20(1):4-11 PMID: 11199064
  84. Primary dysthymia: a study of several psychosocial, endocrine and immune correlates.
    J Affect Disord. 1996 Sep 9;40(1-2):73-84 PMID: 8882917
  85. Sleep as a mediator of the stress-immune relationship.
    Psychosom Med. 1998 Jan-Feb;60(1):48-51 PMID: 9492239
  86. Psychological stress, cytokine production, and severity of upper respiratory illness.
    Psychosom Med. 1999 Mar-Apr;61(2):175-80 PMID: 10204970
  87. Depression, distress, lymphocyte subsets, and human immunodeficiency virus symptoms on two occasions in HIV-positive homosexual men.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991 Feb;48(2):111-9 PMID: 1671196
  88. Sense of coherence moderates the relationship between life stress and natural killer cell activity in healthy older adults.
    Psychol Aging. 1999 Dec;14(4):552-63 PMID: 10632144
  89. Individual differences in cardiac sympathetic control predict endocrine and immune responses to acute psychological stress.
    J Pers Soc Psychol. 1995 Oct;69(4):736-43 PMID: 7473028
  90. Increased psychosocial stress and decreased mucosal immunity in children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections.
    J Psychosom Res. 1997 Sep;43(3):271-8 PMID: 9304553
  91. Stressed power motivation, sympathetic activation, immune function, and illness.
    J Human Stress. 1980;6(2):11-9 PMID: 7391555
  92. Immune parameters in a longitudinal study of a very old population of Swedish people: a comparison between survivors and nonsurvivors.
    J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995 Nov;50(6):B378-82 PMID: 7583794
  93. CD4 and CD8 counts are associated with interactions of gender and psychosocial stress.
    Psychosom Med. 1998 Sep-Oct;60(5):644-53 PMID: 9773772
  94. Effects of chronic stress on beta-adrenergic receptors in the homeless.
    Psychosom Med. 1994 Jul-Aug;56(4):290-5 PMID: 7972610
  95. Beta-adrenergic receptors in human leukocyte subpopulations.
    Eur J Clin Invest. 1992 Oct;22 Suppl 1:30-6 PMID: 1333965
  96. Immune responses in mothers of term and preterm very-low-birth-weight infants.
    Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1997 Sep;4(5):565-71 PMID: 9302206
  97. The relationship of depression and stressors to immunological assays: a meta-analytic review.
    Brain Behav Immun. 2001 Sep;15(3):199-226 PMID: 11566046
  98. Effects of psychophysical stress on surgical outcome.
    Psychosom Med. 1988 May-Jun;50(3):230-44 PMID: 3387507
  99. Influence of stress on lymphocyte subset distribution--a flow cytometric study in young student pilots.
    Aviat Space Environ Med. 1993 Feb;64(2):116-20 PMID: 8431184
  100. Salivary IgA secretion rate in young and elderly persons.
    Physiol Behav. 1996 Jul;60(1):243-8 PMID: 8804670
  101. Posttraumatic stress and lifestyles are associated with natural killer cell activity in victims of the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in Japan.
    Prev Med. 2000 Nov;31(5):467-73 PMID: 11071826
  102. Caregiving to very low birthweight infants: a model of stress and immune response.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1997 Sep;11(3):201-15 PMID: 9417805
  103. The effect of an academic examination on salivary norepinephrine and immunoglobulin levels.
    J Human Stress. 1985 Summer;11(2):52-9 PMID: 3843108
  104. Individual differences in utilizing control to cope with job demands: effects on susceptibility to infectious disease.
    J Appl Psychol. 2001 Apr;86(2):265-78 PMID: 11393439
  105. Academic examinations significantly impact immune responses, but not lung function, in healthy and well-managed asthmatic adolescents.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1996 Jun;10(2):164-81 PMID: 8811938
  106. Immunological changes in young and old adults during brief laboratory stress.
    Psychosom Med. 1991 Mar-Apr;53(2):121-32 PMID: 2031066
  107. Stress, opioid peptides, the immune system, and cancer.
    J Immunol. 1985 Aug;135(2 Suppl):834s-837s PMID: 2989372
  108. Reduction of natural killer cytotoxic activity in major depression: interaction between depression and cigarette smoking.
    Psychosom Med. 1999 May-Jun;61(3):263-70 PMID: 10367603
  109. Stressful events, pessimism, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and cytotoxic/suppressor T cells in HIV+ black women at risk for cervical cancer.
    Psychosom Med. 1998 Nov-Dec;60(6):714-22 PMID: 9847030
  110. Postmenopausal hormone replacement: effects on autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune reactivity to brief psychological stressors.
    Psychosom Med. 1998 Jan-Feb;60(1):17-25 PMID: 9492234
  111. Chronic stress modulates the immune response to a pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine.
    Psychosom Med. 2000 Nov-Dec;62(6):804-7 PMID: 11139000
  112. Evidence for a shift in the Th-1 to Th-2 cytokine response associated with chronic stress and aging.
    J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001 Aug;56(8):M477-82 PMID: 11487599
  113. Life events, social support, and immune response in elderly individuals.
    Int J Aging Hum Dev. 1993;37(1):23-36 PMID: 8375915
  114. Stress and immune responses after surgical treatment for regional breast cancer.
    J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998 Jan 7;90(1):30-6 PMID: 9428780
  115. Immune and neuroendocrine changes during bereavement.
    Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1987 Sep;10(3):449-65 PMID: 3317313
  116. Influence of perceived psychological stress and distress on antibody response to low dose rDNA hepatitis B vaccine.
    J Psychosom Res. 1993 May;37(4):361-9 PMID: 8510062
  117. Psychological and physiological responses during an exam and their relation to personality characteristics.
    Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1997 Aug;22(6):423-41 PMID: 9364621
  118. Impact of stress, gender and menstrual cycle on immune system: possible role of nitric oxide.
    Arch Physiol Biochem. 2001 Oct;109(4):383-7 PMID: 11935378
  119. Neuropeptide Y and natural killer cell activity: findings in depression and Alzheimer caregiver stress.
    FASEB J. 1991 Dec;5(15):3100-7 PMID: 1743441
  120. The immunological and psychological effects of bereavement: does grief counseling really make a difference? A pilot study.
    Psychiatry Res. 1999 Jan 18;85(1):81-93 PMID: 10195319
  121. Modulation of immune response to rDNA hepatitis B vaccination by psychological stress.
    J Psychosom Res. 1996 Aug;41(2):129-37 PMID: 8887826
  122. Psychosocial modifiers of immunocompetence in medical students.
    Psychosom Med. 1984 Jan-Feb;46(1):7-14 PMID: 6701256
  123. Competition stress in soccer coaches increases salivary. Immunoglobin A and salivary cortisol concentrations.
    J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1996 Jun;36(2):117-20 PMID: 8898518
  124. Chronic stress in caregivers of dementia patients is associated with reduced lymphocyte sensitivity to glucocorticoids.
    J Neuroimmunol. 2000 Feb 1;103(1):84-92 PMID: 10674993
  125. Suppression of cellular immunity in men with a past history of posttraumatic stress disorder.
    Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Mar;158(3):484-6 PMID: 11229994
  126. Effects of acute stress on lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptors in white males.
    J Psychosom Res. 1993 Oct;37(7):763-70 PMID: 8229907
  127. Predicting the development of posttraumatic stress disorder from the acute response to a traumatic event.
    Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Dec 15;44(12):1305-13 PMID: 9861473
  128. Stress-associated reductions of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in asymptomatic HIV infection.
    Am J Psychiatry. 1995 Apr;152(4):543-50 PMID: 7694902
  129. Stress and immunity in humans: a meta-analytic review.
    Psychosom Med. 1993 Jul-Aug;55(4):364-79 PMID: 8416086
  130. Stress-related activation of Epstein-Barr virus.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1991 Jun;5(2):219-32 PMID: 1654167
  131. Brief uncontrollable stress and psychological parameters influence human plasma concentrations of IgM and complement component C3.
    Behav Med. 1991-1992 Winter;17(4):167-76 PMID: 1793998
  132. Catecholamine-induced leukocytosis: early observations, current research, and future directions.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1996 Jun;10(2):77-91 PMID: 8811932
  133. Cytokine production and lymphocyte transformation during stress.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1991 Dec;5(4):339-48 PMID: 1777728
  134. Academic stress and secretory immunoglobulin A.
    Psychol Rep. 2000 Dec;87(3 Pt 1):721-2 PMID: 11191373
  135. Effects of psychological stress on serum immunoglobulin, complement and acute phase protein concentrations in normal volunteers.
    Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1997 Aug;22(6):397-409 PMID: 9364619
  136. Academic stress, social support, and secretory immunoglobulin A.
    J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988 Nov;55(5):803-10 PMID: 3210147
  137. The effects of psychological stress on humans: increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a Th1-like response in stress-induced anxiety.
    Cytokine. 1998 Apr;10(4):313-8 PMID: 9617578
  138. Responses of natural killer cell activity to acute laboratory stressors in healthy men at different times of day.
    Health Psychol. 1998 Sep;17(5):428-35 PMID: 9776001
  139. Chronic caregiving stress alters peripheral blood immune parameters: the role of age and severity of stress.
    Psychother Psychosom. 1997;66(4):199-207 PMID: 9259043
  140. A biobehavioral model of cancer stress and disease course.
    Am Psychol. 1994 May;49(5):389-404 PMID: 8024167
  141. Cardiovascular reactivity and the course of immune response to an acute psychological stressor.
    Psychosom Med. 1994 Jul-Aug;56(4):337-44 PMID: 7972616
  142. Lymphocyte immunophenotyping in an elderly population: age, sex and medication effects--a flow cytometry study.
    Mech Ageing Dev. 1989 Jun;48(3):255-66 PMID: 2786599
  143. Catecholamines, catecholamine receptors, cell adhesion molecules, and acute stressor-related changes in cellular immunity.
    Adv Pharmacol. 1998;42:587-90 PMID: 9327970
  144. Emotional stability, anxiety, and natural killer activity under examination stress.
    Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1999 Aug;24(6):613-27 PMID: 10399771
  145. The type A behavior pattern and immune reactivity to brief stress: change of volume of secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva.
    Percept Mot Skills. 1999 Oct;89(2):423-30 PMID: 10597578
  146. The effects of the opiate antagonist naloxone on measures of cellular immunity during rest and brief psychological stress.
    J Psychosom Res. 1995 Apr;39(3):345-59 PMID: 7636778
  147. Stress induces increases in IL-6 production by leucocytes of patients with the chronic inflammatory disease juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a putative role for alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors.
    J Neuroimmunol. 2000 Oct 2;110(1-2):223-9 PMID: 11024553
  148. Changes of immunological parameters in healthy subjects under examination stress.
    Int J Neurosci. 1990 Apr;51(3-4):241-2 PMID: 2177737
  149. Stress, reactivity, and immune function in healthy men.
    Health Psychol. 1992;11(4):223-32 PMID: 1396490
  150. Anger expression and natural killer cell activity in family caregivers participating in a physical activity trial.
    J Health Psychol. 2000 Jul;5(4):431-40 PMID: 22049187
  151. Chronic stress, leukocyte subpopulations, and humoral response to latent viruses.
    Health Psychol. 1989;8(4):389-402 PMID: 2555149
  152. Immune responses to final exams in healthy and asthmatic adolescents.
    Nurs Res. 1997 Jan-Feb;46(1):12-9 PMID: 9024419
  153. Psychological stress and antibody response to immunization: a critical review of the human literature.
    Psychosom Med. 2001 Jan-Feb;63(1):7-18 PMID: 11211068
  154. Sex differences in glucocorticoid sensitivity of proinflammatory cytokine production after psychosocial stress.
    Psychosom Med. 2001 Nov-Dec;63(6):966-72 PMID: 11719636
  155. Studies in psychoneuroimmunology: psychological, immunological, and neuroendocrinological parameters in Israeli civilians during and after a period of Scud missile attacks.
    Behav Med. 1996 Spring;22(1):5-14 PMID: 8805956
  156. Posttraumatic stress symptoms, intrusive thoughts, loss, and immune function after Hurricane Andrew.
    Psychosom Med. 1997 Mar-Apr;59(2):128-41 PMID: 9088048
  157. Hematological and immunological acute mental stress responses of people who are severely and profoundly mentally retarded.
    Res Dev Disabil. 2000 Sep-Oct;21(5):347-53 PMID: 11100798
  158. Effect of psychosocial stress on natural killer cell activity.
    Cancer Detect Prev. 1988;12(1-6):9-14 PMID: 3263203
  159. Reduction of immune function in life stress and depression.
    Biol Psychiatry. 1990 Jan 1;27(1):22-30 PMID: 2297549
  160. Experimentally induced stress in rheumatoid arthritis of recent onset: effects on peripheral blood lymphocytes.
    Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1998 Sep-Oct;16(5):553-9 PMID: 9779302
  161. CD28 expression in T cell aging and human longevity.
    Exp Gerontol. 1998 May;33(3):267-82 PMID: 9615924
  162. Methodological issues in behavioral immunology research with humans.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1988 Mar;2(1):67-78 PMID: 3052653
  163. Psychosocial and immune effects of self-hypnosis training for stress management throughout the first semester of medical school.
    Psychosom Med. 1996 May-Jun;58(3):249-63 PMID: 8771625
  164. Chemokines--chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation.
    N Engl J Med. 1998 Feb 12;338(7):436-45 PMID: 9459648
  165. Personality, endocrine and immune changes after eight months in healthy individuals under normal daily stress.
    Psychother Psychosom. 1994;62(3-4):176-84 PMID: 7846261
  166. Chronic stress and natural killer cell activity after exposure to traumatic death.
    Psychosom Med. 1997 Sep-Oct;59(5):467-76 PMID: 9316178
  167. Secretory immunoglobulin A and cardiovascular reactions to mental arithmetic, cold pressor, and exercise: effects of alpha-adrenergic blockade.
    Psychophysiology. 2000 Sep;37(5):634-43 PMID: 11037040
  168. Neuropeptide Y plasma levels and immunological changes during academic stress.
    Neuropsychobiology. 1999 Nov;40(4):188-95 PMID: 10559701
  169. Lymphocyte number and stress parameter modifications in untreated breast cancer patients with depressive mood and previous life stress.
    J Exp Ther Oncol. 1996 Nov;1(6):354-60 PMID: 9414425
  170. Age and sex modulate effects of stress on the immune system: a multivariate analysis.
    Int J Neurosci. 1994 Nov;79(1-2):121-32 PMID: 7744547
  171. A prospective study of neuroendocrine and immune alterations associated with the stress of an oral academic examination among graduate students.
    Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2000 May;25(4):339-56 PMID: 10725611
  172. Stressor-induced alteration of cytokine production in multiple sclerosis patients and controls.
    Psychosom Med. 1998 Jul-Aug;60(4):484-91 PMID: 9710295
  173. Time course of natural killer cell activity and lymphocyte proliferation in response to two acute stressors in healthy men.
    Health Psychol. 1996 Jan;15(1):48-55 PMID: 8788540
  174. Depressed natural killer cell activity in schizophrenic patients.
    Immunol Invest. 1994 Aug;23(4-5):259-68 PMID: 7959960
  175. Marital conflict in older adults: endocrinological and immunological correlates.
    Psychosom Med. 1997 Jul-Aug;59(4):339-49 PMID: 9251151
  176. Differential immune system changes with acute and persistent stress for optimists vs pessimists.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1999 Jun;13(2):155-74 PMID: 10373279
  177. Social neuroscience: autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune responses to stress.
    Psychophysiology. 1994 Mar;31(2):113-28 PMID: 8153248
  178. Relations of plasma ACTH and cortisol levels with the distribution and function of peripheral blood cells in response to a behavioral challenge in breast cancer: an empirical exploration by means of statistical modeling.
    Int J Behav Med. 1997;4(2):145-69 PMID: 16250736
  179. The assessment of the emotional and immunological consequences of examination stress.
    J Behav Med. 1996 Oct;19(5):467-78 PMID: 8904729
  180. Spousal caregivers of dementia victims: longitudinal changes in immunity and health.
    Psychosom Med. 1991 Jul-Aug;53(4):345-62 PMID: 1656478
  181. Clinical depression and inflammatory risk markers for coronary heart disease.
    Am J Cardiol. 2002 Dec 15;90(12):1279-83 PMID: 12480034
  182. Stress antecedents and immune status in recently diagnosed type I (insulindependent) diabetes mellitus.
    Diabete Metab. 1989 Jan-Feb;15(1):45-50 PMID: 2656329
  183. Perceived stress and cellular immunity: when coping counts.
    J Behav Med. 2001 Aug;24(4):323-39 PMID: 11523331
  184. Lymphocyte responses to stress in postpartum women: relationship to vagal tone.
    Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2001 Apr;26(3):241-51 PMID: 11166487
  185. Relationships between cardiovascular and immunological changes in an experimental stress model.
    Psychol Med. 1995 Mar;25(2):323-7 PMID: 7675920
  186. Psychological stress-induced modulation of interleukin 2 receptor gene expression and interleukin 2 production in peripheral blood leukocytes.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990 Aug;47(8):707-12 PMID: 2378541
  187. Marital quality, marital disruption, and immune function.
    Psychosom Med. 1987 Jan-Feb;49(1):13-34 PMID: 3029796
  188. Immunologic response to acute psychological stress in MS patients and controls.
    J Neuroimmunol. 1996 Aug;68(1-2):85-94 PMID: 8784264
  189. Cellular immune responses to acute stress in female caregivers of dementia patients and matched controls.
    Health Psychol. 1998 Mar;17(2):182-9 PMID: 9548709
  190. Stress, loneliness, and changes in herpesvirus latency.
    J Behav Med. 1985 Sep;8(3):249-60 PMID: 3003360
  191. Effects of psychological stress on plasma interleukins-1 beta and 6, C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor alpha, anti-diuretic hormone and serum cortisol.
    Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1993 Oct;53(6):555-61 PMID: 8266000
  192. Lymphocyte subset and cellular immune responses to a brief experimental stressor.
    Psychosom Med. 1992 Nov-Dec;54(6):673-9 PMID: 1454961
  193. Effects of job strain on helper-inducer (CD4+CD29+) and suppressor-inducer (CD4+CD45RA+) T cells in Japanese blue-collar workers.
    Psychother Psychosom. 1997;66(4):192-8 PMID: 9259042
  194. Chronic life stress alters sympathetic, neuroendocrine, and immune responsivity to an acute psychological stressor in humans.
    Psychosom Med. 1997 Jul-Aug;59(4):447-57 PMID: 9251165
  195. The pathophysiologic roles of interleukin-6 in human disease.
    Ann Intern Med. 1998 Jan 15;128(2):127-37 PMID: 9441573
  196. Levels of circulating CD8(+) T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and eosinophils increase upon acute psychosocial stress in patients with atopic dermatitis.
    J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Jan;107(1):171-7 PMID: 11150008
  197. Changes in immune and psychological measures as a function of anticipation and reaction to news of HIV-1 antibody status.
    Psychosom Med. 1990 May-Jun;52(3):247-70 PMID: 1973303
  198. Psychosocial predictors of natural killer cell mobilization during marital conflict.
    Health Psychol. 1999 May;18(3):262-71 PMID: 10357507
  199. Skin testing and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in women undergoing breast biopsy.
    Int J Psychiatry Med. 1983-1984;13(1):37-46 PMID: 6885263
  200. Stress-induced endocrine and immunological changes in psoriasis patients and healthy controls. A preliminary study.
    Psychother Psychosom. 1998;67(1):37-42 PMID: 9491439
  201. Changes of immunoregulatory cells associated with psychological stress and humor.
    Percept Mot Skills. 1997 Jun;84(3 Pt 2):1296-8 PMID: 9229449
  202. Stress and depressive symptoms prospectively predict immune change among HIV-seropositive men. HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center Group.
    Psychiatry. 1995 Nov;58(4):299-312 PMID: 8746489
  203. Stress depresses interferon production by leukocytes concomitant with a decrease in natural killer cell activity.
    Behav Neurosci. 1986 Oct;100(5):675-8 PMID: 2430594
  204. Secretory immunoglobulin A and cardiovascular reactions to mental arithmetic and cold pressor.
    Psychophysiology. 1998 May;35(3):252-9 PMID: 9564745
  205. Secretory immunoglobulin A and cardiovascular reactions to mental arithmetic, cold pressor, and exercise: effects of beta-adrenergic blockade.
    Psychophysiology. 1999 Sep;36(5):591-601 PMID: 10442027
  206. Effects of experimental psychological stress on distribution and function of peripheral blood cells.
    Psychosom Med. 1992 Jul-Aug;54(4):394-406 PMID: 1502282
  207. Shaking up immunity: psychological and immunologic changes after a natural disaster.
    Psychosom Med. 1997 Mar-Apr;59(2):114-27 PMID: 9088047
  208. Plasma cortisol levels and reactivation of latent Epstein-Barr virus in response to examination stress.
    Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1994;19(8):765-72 PMID: 7991763
  209. The effects of an acute psychological stressor on cardiovascular, endocrine, and cellular immune response: a prospective study of individuals high and low in heart rate reactivity.
    Psychophysiology. 1994 May;31(3):264-71 PMID: 8008790
  210. Bereavement is associated with time-dependent decrements in cellular immune function in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive homosexual men.
    Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1996 Jan;3(1):109-18 PMID: 8770514
  211. Plasma catecholamine and lymphocyte beta 2-adrenergic receptor alterations in elderly Alzheimer caregivers under stress.
    Psychosom Med. 1997 May-Jun;59(3):251-6 PMID: 9178336
  212. Systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis patients differ from healthy controls in their cytokine pattern after stress exposure.
    Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001 Aug;40(8):868-75 PMID: 11511755
  213. Marital discord and immunity in males.
    Psychosom Med. 1988 May-Jun;50(3):213-29 PMID: 2838864
  214. Microstress, mood, and natural killer-cell activity.
    Psychosomatics. 1989 Summer;30(3):279-83 PMID: 2762485
  215. Modulation of the immunologic response to acute stress in humans by beta-blockade or benzodiazepines.
    FASEB J. 1996 Mar;10(4):517-24 PMID: 8647351
  216. Neuroendocrine and immunological responses of women to stress.
    West J Nurs Res. 1995 Dec;17(6):672-92 PMID: 8597232
  217. Variability of peripheral blood lymphocyte beta-2-adrenergic receptor density in humans.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Mar;157(3 Pt 1):990-2 PMID: 9517622
  218. Acute stress enhances while chronic stress suppresses cell-mediated immunity in vivo: a potential role for leukocyte trafficking.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1997 Dec;11(4):286-306 PMID: 9512816
  219. Cellular and humoral immunity, mood and exam stress: the influences of self-hypnosis and personality predictors.
    Int J Psychophysiol. 2001 Aug;42(1):55-71 PMID: 11451479
  220. Acute psychological stress and exercise and changes in peripheral leukocyte adhesion molecule expression and density.
    Psychosom Med. 2000 Sep-Oct;62(5):664-70 PMID: 11020096
  221. Academic stress, power motivation, and decrease in secretion rate of salivary secretory immunoglobulin A.
    Lancet. 1983 Jun 25;1(8339):1400-2 PMID: 6134179
  222. Stress, cortisol concentrations, and lymphocyte subpopulations.
    Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1985 May 11;290(6479):1393 PMID: 3922508
  223. Neuroendocrine and leukocyte responses and pulmonary function to acute stressors.
    Ann Behav Med. 2000 Fall;22(4):276-85 PMID: 11253438
  224. Acute psychological stressors and short-term immune changes: what, why, for whom, and to what extent?
    Psychosom Med. 1992 Nov-Dec;54(6):680-5 PMID: 1454962
  225. Stress hormonal factors, fatigue, and antioxidant responses to prolonged speed driving.
    Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1998 Jul;60(3):747-51 PMID: 9678660
  226. Prolonged reduction of salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) after a major academic exam.
    Int J Psychophysiol. 2000 Sep;37(3):219-32 PMID: 10858568
  227. The differential impact of training stress and final examination stress on herpesvirus latency at the United States Military Academy at West Point.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1999 Sep;13(3):240-51 PMID: 10469525
  228. Immunity and depression: insomnia, retardation, and reduction of natural killer cell activity.
    J Behav Med. 1994 Apr;17(2):217-23 PMID: 8035453
  229. Higher abnormal leukocyte and lymphocyte counts 20 years after exposure to severe stress: research and clinical implications.
    Psychosom Med. 1999 May-Jun;61(3):378-86 PMID: 10367620
  230. Modelling a loss event: effect of imagined bereavement on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
    Psychol Med. 2000 Jan;30(1):219-23 PMID: 10722192
  231. Stress, social support, coping resources, and immune status in elderly women.
    J Nerv Ment Dis. 1990 Jul;178(7):460-1 PMID: 2142212
  232. Influence of psychological stress on immune-inflammatory variables in normal humans. Part II. Altered serum concentrations of natural anti-inflammatory agents and soluble membrane antigens of monocytes and T lymphocytes.
    Psychiatry Res. 1999 Mar 22;85(3):293-303 PMID: 10333381
  233. The relationship of psychological variables and disease progression among long-term HIV-infected men.
    Int J STD AIDS. 2000 Nov;11(11):734-42 PMID: 11089788
  234. Immune function and lifestyle of taxi drivers in Japan.
    Ind Health. 1998 Jan;36(1):32-9 PMID: 9473856
  235. Association between burnout at work and leukocyte adhesiveness/aggregation.
    Psychosom Med. 1999 Nov-Dec;61(6):828-33 PMID: 10593635
  236. Relation of cognitive appraisal to cardiovascular reactivity, affect, and task engagement.
    Ann Behav Med. 2003 Aug;26(1):32-41 PMID: 12867352
  237. Does anxiety reduce the secretion rate of secretory IgA in saliva?
    Med J Aust. 1988 Feb 1;148(3):131-3 PMID: 3257543
  238. A preliminary study of factors associated with psychological adjustment and disease course in school-age children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.
    J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1998 Feb;19(1):18-25 PMID: 9524301
  239. Accelerated course of human immunodeficiency virus infection in gay men who conceal their homosexual identity.
    Psychosom Med. 1996 May-Jun;58(3):219-31 PMID: 8771621
  240. Effects of work demands on immunoglobulin A and cortisol in air traffic controllers.
    Biol Psychol. 1996 Feb 5;42(3):413-23 PMID: 8652756
  241. Influence of life stress on immunological reactivity to mild psychological stress.
    Psychosom Med. 1994 May-Jun;56(3):216-24 PMID: 8084967
  242. Modulation of cellular immunity in medical students.
    J Behav Med. 1986 Feb;9(1):5-21 PMID: 2939253
  243. Healthy lifestyles are associated with higher natural killer cell activity.
    Prev Med. 1992 Sep;21(5):602-15 PMID: 1279663
  244. Aberrant nuclear expression of AP-1 and NFkappaB in lymphocytes of women stressed by the experience of breast biopsy.
    Brain Behav Immun. 2001 Mar;15(1):78-84 PMID: 11259082
  245. Personality, examination stress and serum concentrations of immunoglobulins.
    Scand J Psychol. 1987;28(3):233-41 PMID: 3441770
  246. Biology of posttraumatic stress disorder.
    J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62 Suppl 17:41-6 PMID: 11495096
  247. Life events, depression, and natural killer cell activity.
    Psychopharmacol Bull. 1986;22(4):1093-6 PMID: 3809376
  248. Psychological stress and immunological responsiveness in normally cycling, follicular-stage women.
    J Neuroimmunol. 1995 Jun;59(1-2):103-11 PMID: 7797611
  249. Stress and the memory T-cell response to the Epstein-Barr virus in healthy medical students.
    Health Psychol. 1993 Nov;12(6):435-42 PMID: 8293726
  250. Stress-related impairments in cellular immunity.
    Psychiatry Res. 1985 Nov;16(3):233-9 PMID: 2935896
  251. Psychoneuroimmunology. The interface between behavior, brain, and immunity.
    Am Psychol. 1994 Dec;49(12):1004-17 PMID: 7818221
  252. Life stressors and coping style are associated with immune measures in HIV-1 infection--a preliminary report.
    Int J Psychiatry Med. 1992;22(2):155-72 PMID: 1355469
  253. Replicative senescence of T cells: does the Hayflick Limit lead to immune exhaustion?
    Immunol Today. 1997 Sep;18(9):450-4 PMID: 9293162
  254. T-lymphocyte polyclonal proliferation: effects of stress and stress response style on medical students taking national board examinations.
    Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1987 Jun;43(3):308-13 PMID: 3495378
  255. Cell-mediated immunity in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder.
    Med J Aust. 1993 Oct 18;159(8):513-6 PMID: 8412949
  256. Emotional stress induced by parachute jumping enhances blood nerve growth factor levels and the distribution of nerve growth factor receptors in lymphocytes.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Oct 25;91(22):10440-4 PMID: 7937971
  257. Multiple changes of immunologic parameters in prisoners of war. Assessments after release from a camp in Manjaca, Bosnia.
    JAMA. 1993 Aug 4;270(5):595-9 PMID: 8331758
  258. Alzheimer caregiver stress: basal natural killer cell activity, pituitary-adrenal cortical function, and sympathetic tone.
    Ann Behav Med. 1997 Spring;19(2):83-90 PMID: 9603682
  259. Effects of housing relocation on immunocompetence and psychosocial functioning in older adults.
    J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001 Feb;56(2):M97-105 PMID: 11213283
  260. Temporal stability of acute stressor-induced changes in cellular immunity.
    Int J Psychophysiol. 1995 Apr;19(3):287-90 PMID: 7558995
  261. Health psychology: psychological factors and physical disease from the perspective of human psychoneuroimmunology.
    Annu Rev Psychol. 1996;47:113-42 PMID: 8624135
  262. Decrease of suppressor-inducer (CD4+ CD45RA) T lymphocytes and increase of serum immunoglobulin G due to perceived job stress in Japanese nuclear electric power plant workers.
    J Occup Environ Med. 2000 Feb;42(2):143-50 PMID: 10693074
  263. Plasma cortisol and natural killer cell activity during bereavement.
    Biol Psychiatry. 1988 Jun;24(2):173-8 PMID: 3390497
  264. Negative behavior during marital conflict is associated with immunological down-regulation.
    Psychosom Med. 1993 Sep-Oct;55(5):395-409 PMID: 8265740
  265. Chronic psychological stress and the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines: a glucocorticoid-resistance model.
    Health Psychol. 2002 Nov;21(6):531-41 PMID: 12433005
  266. Heterogeneity in neuroendocrine and immune responses to brief psychological stressors as a function of autonomic cardiac activation.
    Psychosom Med. 1995 Mar-Apr;57(2):154-64 PMID: 7792374
  267. Adrenergic blockade ameliorates cellular immune responses to mental stress in humans.
    Psychosom Med. 1995 Jul-Aug;57(4):366-72 PMID: 7480566
  268. A new method for isolation of human lymphocyte subsets reveals differential regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors by terbutaline treatment.
    Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1989 Oct;46(4):429-39 PMID: 2551559
  269. Increased natural killer-cell mobilization and cytotoxicity during marital conflict.
    Brain Behav Immun. 2000 Mar;14(1):10-26 PMID: 10729214
  270. Relationship of social support to stress responses and immune function in healthy and asthmatic adolescents.
    Res Nurs Health. 1998 Apr;21(2):117-28 PMID: 9535404
  271. The state of leukocyte adhesiveness/aggregation in the peripheral blood is more sensitive than the white blood cell count for the detection of acute mental stress.
    J Psychosom Res. 1992 Jan;36(1):37-46 PMID: 1538349
  272. Life events, frontal electroencephalogram laterality, and functional immune status after acute psychological stressors in adolescents.
    Psychosom Med. 1997 Mar-Apr;59(2):178-86 PMID: 9088055
  273. Persistently low natural killer cell activity in normal adults: immunological, hormonal and mood correlates.
    Nat Immun Cell Growth Regul. 1989;8(3):173-86 PMID: 2779599
  274. Psychophysiological, neuroendocrine and cellular immune reactions under psychological stress.
    Neuropsychobiology. 1993;28(1-2):87-90 PMID: 8255416
  275. Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on immunologic and cardiovascular changes induced by mental stress.
    Circulation. 1994 Feb;89(2):762-9 PMID: 7508828
  276. Psychologic characteristics associated with acute stressor-induced leukocyte subset redistribution.
    J Psychosom Res. 1996 Apr;40(4):417-23 PMID: 8736422
  277. Slowing of wound healing by psychological stress.
    Lancet. 1995 Nov 4;346(8984):1194-6 PMID: 7475659
  278. Psychoneuroimmunology: interactions between the nervous system and the immune system.
    Lancet. 1995 Jan 14;345(8942):99-103 PMID: 7815892
  279. Immune responses to experimental stress: effects of mental effort and uncontrollability.
    Psychosom Med. 1999 Jul-Aug;61(4):513-24 PMID: 10443760
  280. Psychoneuroimmunology and psychosomatic medicine: back to the future.
    Psychosom Med. 2002 Jan-Feb;64(1):15-28 PMID: 11818582
  281. Heart rate, neuroendocrine, and immunological reactivity in response to an acute laboratory stressor.
    Psychosom Med. 2001 May-Jun;63(3):493-501 PMID: 11382278
  282. Chronic stress alters the immune response to influenza virus vaccine in older adults.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Apr 2;93(7):3043-7 PMID: 8610165
  283. Stability of individual differences in cellular immune responses to acute psychological stress.
    Psychosom Med. 1995 May-Jun;57(3):295-8 PMID: 7652131
  284. Lymphocyte subset redistribution in response to acute experimental stress: effects of gender, ethnicity, hypertension, and the sympathetic nervous system.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1995 Mar;9(1):61-9 PMID: 7620211
  285. Optimism, goal conflict, and stressor-related immune change.
    J Behav Med. 2001 Oct;24(5):441-67 PMID: 11702359
  286. Differential effects of active and passive laboratory stressors on immune function in healthy men.
    Int J Behav Med. 1994;1(2):163-84 PMID: 16250811
  287. Psychosocial predictors of psychological, neurochemical and immunological symptoms of acute stress among breast cancer patients.
    Psychiatry Res. 1999 Jan 18;85(1):95-103 PMID: 10195320
  288. Suppression of NK cell activity and of resistance to metastasis by stress: a role for adrenal catecholamines and beta-adrenoceptors.
    Neuroimmunomodulation. 2000;8(3):154-64 PMID: 11124582
  289. Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production after acute psychological stress, exercise, and infused isoproterenol: differential effects and pathways.
    Psychosom Med. 2000 Jul-Aug;62(4):591-8 PMID: 10949106
  290. Lymphocyte response to mitogens: influence of life events and personality.
    Neuropsychobiology. 1998;38(2):90-6 PMID: 9732209
  291. Experimental induction and termination of acute psychological stress in human volunteers: effects on immunological, neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and psychological parameters.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1998 Mar;12(1):34-52 PMID: 9570860
  292. Time-of-day effects on response of natural killer cells to acute stress in men and women.
    Health Psychol. 2000 Jan;19(1):39-45 PMID: 10711586
  293. Hypnosis as a modulator of cellular immune dysregulation during acute stress.
    J Consult Clin Psychol. 2001 Aug;69(4):674-82 PMID: 11550733
  294. The need for power, stress, immune function, and illness among male prisoners.
    J Abnorm Psychol. 1982 Feb;91(1):61-70 PMID: 7056944
  295. Chronic stress in elderly carers of dementia patients and antibody response to influenza vaccination.
    Lancet. 1999 Feb 20;353(9153):627-31 PMID: 10030328
  296. Rapid changes in cellular immunity following a confrontational role-play stressor.
    Brain Behav Immun. 1995 Sep;9(3):207-19 PMID: 8590818
  297. Effect of mild acute stress on immune cell distribution and natural killer cell activity in breast cancer patients.
    Biol Psychol. 1998 May;48(1):21-35 PMID: 9676357
  298. The effects of psychological stress on leukocyte subset distribution in humans: evidence of immune activation.
    Neuropsychobiology. 1999;39(1):1-9 PMID: 9892853
  299. Effects of examination stress on some cellular immunity functions.
    J Psychosom Res. 1987;31(6):693-701 PMID: 2963118
  300. The HPA axis in HIV-1 infection.
    J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002 Oct 1;31 Suppl 2:S89-93 PMID: 12394788
  301. Sympathetic reactivity to acute stress and immune response in women.
    Psychosom Med. 1995 Nov-Dec;57(6):564-71 PMID: 8600483
  302. Stressful events, dysphoric mood, and immune responsiveness.
    Psychol Rep. 1984 Feb;54(1):219-22 PMID: 6718615
  303. Individual differences in the diurnal cycle of salivary free cortisol: a replication of flattened cycles for some individuals.
    Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2001 Apr;26(3):295-306 PMID: 11166492
  304. Cognitive and physiological antecedents of threat and challenge appraisal.
    J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997 Jul;73(1):63-72 PMID: 9216079
  305. Stress and infectious disease in humans.
    Psychol Bull. 1991 Jan;109(1):5-24 PMID: 2006229
  306. Social stress increases the susceptibility to endotoxic shock.
    J Neuroimmunol. 2001 Apr 2;115(1-2):36-45 PMID: 11282152
  307. Depressed lymphocyte function after bereavement.
    Lancet. 1977 Apr 16;1(8016):834-6 PMID: 67339
  308. Stress, emotion, and human immune function.
    Psychol Bull. 1990 Nov;108(3):363-82 PMID: 2270233
  309. Pre-operative [correction of Properative] psychological variables predict immunological status in patients with operable breast cancer.
    Psychooncology. 1997 Dec;6(4):311-20 PMID: 9451750
  310. Influences of long- and short-distance driving on alpha waves and natural killer cell activity.
    Percept Mot Skills. 1998 Dec;87(3 Pt 2):1419-23 PMID: 10052102
  311. Asthma.
    N Engl J Med. 2001 Feb 1;344(5):350-62 PMID: 11172168
  312. Relationships over 1 year between lymphocyte subsets and psychosocial variables among adults with infection by human immunodeficiency virus.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992 May;49(5):396-401 PMID: 1586275
  313. Neuroendocrine and immunologic effects of unemployment and job insecurity.
    Psychother Psychosom. 1991;55(2-4):76-80 PMID: 1891571
  314. Immunological and physiological changes associated with induced positive and negative mood.
    Psychosom Med. 1994 Nov-Dec;56(6):499-511 PMID: 7871105
Article Info
Journal
Psychological bulletin
Abbr.
Psychol Bull
ISSN
0033-2909
DOI
10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601
Email
[email protected]
Published
2004-07-00
Pages
601-30
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
0376473
PMCID
PMC1361287
Subset
IM
Grants
NIMH NIH HHS · R01 MH061531 · United States
NIMH NIH HHS · MH 61531 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2