Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 15695491 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review

Pathogen-host interactions in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine ·Vol. 171 ·No. 11 ·2005-06-01 ·Pages 1209-23

Sadikot RT, Blackwell TS, Christman JW, Prince AS

Abstract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important pathogen causing a wide range of acute and chronic infections. P. aeruginosa rarely causes infection in the normal host, but is an efficient opportunistic pathogen causing serious infections in patients who are mechanically ventilated, individuals who are immunocompromised, and patients with malignancies or HIV infection. Among these risk groups, the most vulnerable hosts are neutropenic and patients who are mechanically ventilated. In addition, P. aeruginosa is the most prevalent chronic infection contributing to the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis. Because of the ubiquitous nature of P. aeruginosa and its ability to develop resistance to antibiotics, it continues to be problematic from a treatment perspective. The pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa is largely caused by multiple bacterial virulence factors and genetic flexibility enabling it to survive in varied environments. Lung injury associated with P. aeruginosa infection results from both the direct destructive effects of the organism on the lung parenchyma and exuberant host immune responses. This article focuses on the major bacterial virulence factors and important aspects of the host immunity that are involved in the pathogenesis of serious P. aeruginosa infection. In addition to antibiotic therapy, strategies directed toward enhancing host defense and/or limiting excessive inflammation could be important to improve outcome in P. aeruginosa lung infections.

MeSH Terms
Acute Disease Chronic Disease Cross Infection/microbiology Cystic Fibrosis/complications Host-Parasite Interactions/immunology Humans Pneumonia, Bacterial/immunology,microbiology Pseudomonas Infections/immunology,microbiology Pseudomonas aeruginosa/pathogenicity
Authors & Affiliations
4 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Sadikot Ruxana T
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. [email protected]
Blackwell Timothy S
Christman John W
Prince Alice S
References (210)
210 references, click to expand
  1. Etiology of severe pneumonia in the very elderly.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Mar;163(3 Pt 1):645-51 PMID: 11254518
  2. The Pseudomonas secretory product pyocyanin inhibits catalase activity in human lung epithelial cells.
    Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2003 Nov;285(5):L1077-86 PMID: 12871859
  3. Interleukin-4 enhances pulmonary clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    Infect Immun. 1998 Sep;66(9):4229-36 PMID: 9712772
  4. Siderophore-mediated signaling regulates virulence factor production in Pseudomonasaeruginosa.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 May 14;99(10):7072-7 PMID: 11997446
  5. Diverse cell surface protein ectodomains are shed by a system sensitive to metalloprotease inhibitors.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 May 10;271(19):11376-82 PMID: 8626692
  6. Nosocomial pneumonia in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Apr;157(4 Pt 1):1165-72 PMID: 9563735
  7. Pseudomonas acquisition in young patients with cystic fibrosis: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.
    Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2003 Nov;9(6):492-7 PMID: 14534401
  8. Toll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response.
    Nature. 2000 Aug 17;406(6797):782-7 PMID: 10963608
  9. Characteristics of polyclonal endemicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization in intensive care units. Implications for infection control.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Oct;160(4):1212-9 PMID: 10508809
  10. Ventilator-associated pneumonia.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Apr 1;165(7):867-903 PMID: 11934711
  11. A component of innate immunity prevents bacterial biofilm development.
    Nature. 2002 May 30;417(6888):552-5 PMID: 12037568
  12. Cutting edge: myeloid differentiation factor 88 is essential for pulmonary host defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa but not Staphylococcus aureus.
    J Immunol. 2004 Mar 15;172(6):3377-81 PMID: 15004134
  13. Role of airway surface liquid and submucosal glands in cystic fibrosis lung disease.
    Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2003 Jan;284(1):C2-15 PMID: 12475759
  14. Azithromycin inhibits quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Jun;45(6):1930-3 PMID: 11353657
  15. Microarray analysis of global gene expression in mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    J Bacteriol. 2003 Feb;185(3):1071-81 PMID: 12533483
  16. Effects of CD18 deficiency on the emigration of murine neutrophils during pneumonia.
    J Immunol. 1999 Jul 15;163(2):995-9 PMID: 10395697
  17. Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis: characterization of muc mutations in clinical isolates and analysis of clearance in a mouse model of respiratory infection.
    Infect Immun. 1997 Sep;65(9):3838-46 PMID: 9284161
  18. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cancer patients: have they gone away?
    Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2001 Aug;14(4):403-7 PMID: 11964856
  19. Human Toll-like receptor 4 recognizes host-specific LPS modifications.
    Nat Immunol. 2002 Apr;3(4):354-9 PMID: 11912497
  20. Activation of interferon-gamma inducing factor mediated by interleukin-1beta converting enzyme.
    Science. 1997 Jan 10;275(5297):206-9 PMID: 8999548
  21. Perspectives series: host/pathogen interactions. Mechanisms of nitric oxide-related antimicrobial activity.
    J Clin Invest. 1997 Jun 15;99(12):2818-25 PMID: 9185502
  22. Toll-like receptors.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 2003;21:335-76 PMID: 12524386
  23. Infections in a burn intensive care unit: experience of seven years.
    J Hosp Infect. 2003 Jan;53(1):6-13 PMID: 12495679
  24. Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans: selective regulators of ligand-receptor encounters.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Sep 29;275(39):29923-6 PMID: 10931855
  25. Pseudomonas aeruginosa community-acquired pneumonia in previously healthy adults: case report and review of the literature.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Dec;31(6):1349-56 PMID: 11096001
  26. ExoU expression by Pseudomonas aeruginosa correlates with acute cytotoxicity and epithelial injury.
    Mol Microbiol. 1997 Aug;25(3):547-57 PMID: 9302017
  27. Pulmonary collectins and innate host defense of the lung.
    Microbes Infect. 2001 Feb;3(2):161-6 PMID: 11251302
  28. Epithelial cells as sensors for microbial infection.
    J Clin Invest. 1997 Jul 1;100(1):6-10 PMID: 9202050
  29. New concepts of the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis lung disease.
    Eur Respir J. 2004 Jan;23(1):146-58 PMID: 14738247
  30. Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections.
    Science. 1999 May 21;284(5418):1318-22 PMID: 10334980
  31. Modulation of bacterial growth by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in vitro and in vivo.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Dec 15;168(12):1462-70 PMID: 12958055
  32. Prolonged survival of mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced sepsis by rIL-12 modulation of IL-10 and interferon-gamma.
    J Med Microbiol. 2000 Aug;49(8):701-7 PMID: 10933254
  33. Early immune response in susceptible and resistant mice strains with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection determines the type of T-helper cell response.
    APMIS. 1999 Dec;107(12):1093-100 PMID: 10660139
  34. Interleukin-18 impairs the pulmonary host response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    Infect Immun. 2003 Apr;71(4):1630-4 PMID: 12654774
  35. Functional characterization of macrophage receptors for in vitro phagocytosis of unopsonized Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    J Clin Invest. 1988 Sep;82(3):872-9 PMID: 3138287
  36. Role of flagella in pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection.
    Infect Immun. 1998 Jan;66(1):43-51 PMID: 9423837
  37. Role of the type 1 TNF receptor in lung inflammation after inhalation of endotoxin or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    Am J Physiol. 1999 May;276(5 Pt 1):L715-27 PMID: 10330027
  38. Function and composition of pulmonary surfactant and surfactant-derived fatty acid profiles are altered in young adults with cystic fibrosis.
    Chest. 2000 Jul;118(1):164-74 PMID: 10893374
  39. Increased airway epithelial Na+ absorption produces cystic fibrosis-like lung disease in mice.
    Nat Med. 2004 May;10(5):487-93 PMID: 15077107
  40. Expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes requires cell-to-cell communication.
    Science. 1993 May 21;260(5111):1127-30 PMID: 8493556
  41. The involvement of cell-to-cell signals in the development of a bacterial biofilm.
    Science. 1998 Apr 10;280(5361):295-8 PMID: 9535661
  42. Toll-like receptor 2 represses nonpilus adhesin-induced signaling in acute infections with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pilA mutant.
    Infect Immun. 2004 Aug;72(8):4561-9 PMID: 15271916
  43. Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagella activate airway epithelial cells through asialoGM1 and toll-like receptor 2 as well as toll-like receptor 5.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2004 May;30(5):627-34 PMID: 14607814
  44. Bacterial injection machines.
    J Biol Chem. 2003 Jul 11;278(28):25273-6 PMID: 12759358
  45. Lung phagocyte bactericidal function in strains of mice resistant and susceptible to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    Infect Immun. 1996 Dec;64(12):4984-92 PMID: 8945536
  46. Host defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa requires ceramide-rich membrane rafts.
    Nat Med. 2003 Mar;9(3):322-30 PMID: 12563314
  47. The roles of CD11/CD18 and ICAM-1 in acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced pneumonia in mice.
    J Immunol. 1996 Dec 1;157(11):5016-21 PMID: 8943409
  48. Survival in patients with nosocomial pneumonia: impact of the severity of illness and the etiologic agent.
    Crit Care Med. 1997 Nov;25(11):1862-7 PMID: 9366771
  49. CD14-dependent lipopolysaccharide-induced beta-defensin-2 expression in human tracheobronchial epithelium.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Sep 22;275(38):29731-6 PMID: 10882713
  50. Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic pathogen.
    Nature. 2000 Aug 31;406(6799):959-64 PMID: 10984043
  51. Pseudomonas pyocyanin increases interleukin-8 expression by human airway epithelial cells.
    Infect Immun. 1998 Dec;66(12):5777-84 PMID: 9826354
  52. Hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults: diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy, and preventive strategies. A consensus statement, American Thoracic Society, November 1995.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 May;153(5):1711-25 PMID: 8630626
  53. Specific lipopolysaccharide found in cystic fibrosis airway Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    Science. 1999 Nov 19;286(5444):1561-5 PMID: 10567263
  54. Multicenter prospective study of ventilator-associated pneumonia during acute respiratory distress syndrome. Incidence, prognosis, and risk factors. ARDS Study Group.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Jun;161(6):1942-8 PMID: 10852771
  55. Acute bacterial pneumonia in rats increases alveolar epithelial fluid clearance by a tumor necrosis factor-alpha-dependent mechanism.
    J Clin Invest. 1997 Jan 15;99(2):325-35 PMID: 9006001
  56. Pathogenesis of septic shock in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.
    J Clin Invest. 1999 Sep;104(6):743-50 PMID: 10491409
  57. TLR2 is mobilized into an apical lipid raft receptor complex to signal infection in airway epithelial cells.
    J Clin Invest. 2004 May;113(10):1482-9 PMID: 15146246
  58. Functions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
    Annu Rev Biochem. 1999;68:729-77 PMID: 10872465
  59. Induction of neutrophil apoptosis by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin pyocyanin: a potential mechanism of persistent infection.
    J Immunol. 2002 Feb 15;168(4):1861-8 PMID: 11823520
  60. Molecular mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment elicited by bacteria in the lungs.
    Semin Immunol. 2002 Apr;14(2):123-32 PMID: 11978084
  61. The response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to iron: genetics, biochemistry and virulence.
    Mol Microbiol. 1999 Nov;34(3):399-413 PMID: 10564483
  62. Multiple domains are required for the toxic activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoU.
    J Bacteriol. 2001 Jul;183(14):4330-44 PMID: 11418575
  63. IL-10 improves lung injury and survival in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.
    J Immunol. 1997 Sep 15;159(6):2858-66 PMID: 9300709
  64. Expression of the carbohydrate recognition domain of lung surfactant protein D and demonstration of its binding to lipopolysaccharides of gram-negative bacteria.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Aug 15;202(3):1674-80 PMID: 8060356
  65. Toll-like receptor signaling pathways.
    Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1524-5 PMID: 12791976
  66. Community-acquired pneumonia due to gram-negative bacteria and pseudomonas aeruginosa: incidence, risk, and prognosis.
    Arch Intern Med. 2002 Sep 9;162(16):1849-58 PMID: 12196083
  67. p47phox deficiency impairs NF-kappa B activation and host defense in Pseudomonas pneumonia.
    J Immunol. 2004 Feb 1;172(3):1801-8 PMID: 14734763
  68. Prospective study of community-acquired pneumonia of bacterial etiology in adults.
    Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999 Dec;18(12):852-8 PMID: 10691195
  69. Mucus clearance as a primary innate defense mechanism for mammalian airways.
    J Clin Invest. 2002 Mar;109(5):571-7 PMID: 11877463
  70. Surfactant protein D binding to alveolar macrophages.
    Biochem J. 1994 May 15;300 ( Pt 1):237-42 PMID: 8198539
  71. Exaggerated activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and altered IkappaB-beta processing in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000 Sep;23(3):396-403 PMID: 10970832
  72. Active and passive immunization with the Pseudomonas V antigen protects against type III intoxication and lung injury.
    Nat Med. 1999 Apr;5(4):392-8 PMID: 10202927
  73. CD95 signaling via ceramide-rich membrane rafts.
    J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 8;276(23):20589-96 PMID: 11279185
  74. Structure-function and biogenesis of the type IV pili.
    Annu Rev Microbiol. 1993;47:565-96 PMID: 7903032
  75. Immunomodulatory functions of surfactant.
    Physiol Rev. 1997 Oct;77(4):931-62 PMID: 9354809
  76. Iron acquisition from transferrin and lactoferrin by Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyoverdin.
    Microbiology. 1997 Jul;143 ( Pt 7):2509-15 PMID: 9245831
  77. CD95/CD95 ligand interactions on epithelial cells in host defense to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):527-30 PMID: 11039936
  78. An outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections associated with flexible bronchoscopes.
    N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 16;348(3):221-7 PMID: 12529462
  79. Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta, but not IL-6, induce human beta-defensin-2 in respiratory epithelia.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000 Jun;22(6):714-21 PMID: 10837369
  80. Role of interleukin-1 in the pulmonary immune response during Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.
    Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2002 Feb;282(2):L285-90 PMID: 11792633
  81. Cystic fibrosis.
    Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2003 Nov;9(6):484-5 PMID: 14534399
  82. Intrinsic and innate defenses in the lung: intersection of pathways regulating lung morphogenesis, host defense, and repair.
    J Clin Invest. 2002 Mar;109(5):565-9 PMID: 11877462
  83. Incidence of and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients.
    Ann Intern Med. 1998 Sep 15;129(6):433-40 PMID: 9735080
  84. Therapeutic administration of anti-PcrV F(ab')(2) in sepsis associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    J Immunol. 2001 Nov 15;167(10):5880-6 PMID: 11698464
  85. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2003, issued August 2003.
    Am J Infect Control. 2003 Dec;31(8):481-98 PMID: 14647111
  86. Defective lipoxin-mediated anti-inflammatory activity in the cystic fibrosis airway.
    Nat Immunol. 2004 Apr;5(4):388-92 PMID: 15034576
  87. Pseudomonas aeruginosa induction of apoptosis in respiratory epithelial cells: analysis of the effects of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator dysfunction and bacterial virulence factors.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000 Sep;23(3):304-12 PMID: 10970820
  88. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing signal molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone has immunomodulatory activity.
    Infect Immun. 1998 Jan;66(1):36-42 PMID: 9423836
  89. Nosocomial tracheobronchitis in mechanically ventilated patients: incidence, aetiology and outcome.
    Eur Respir J. 2002 Dec;20(6):1483-9 PMID: 12503708
  90. Random amplified polymorphic DNA typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates recovered from patients with cystic fibrosis.
    J Clin Microbiol. 1996 May;34(5):1129-35 PMID: 8727889
  91. Interleukin-18 regulates both Th1 and Th2 responses.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 2001;19:423-74 PMID: 11244043
  92. CFTR is a pattern recognition molecule that extracts Pseudomonas aeruginosa LPS from the outer membrane into epithelial cells and activates NF-kappa B translocation.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 May 14;99(10):6907-12 PMID: 11997458
  93. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced apoptosis involves mitochondria and stress-activated protein kinases.
    Infect Immun. 2001 Apr;69(4):2675-83 PMID: 11254634
  94. Lectin-mediated interactions of surfactant protein D with alveolar macrophages.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1994 Apr;10(4):430-6 PMID: 8136158
  95. Molecular interactions in biofilms.
    Chem Biol. 2002 Aug;9(8):859-71 PMID: 12204685
  96. Surfactant protein A and D differently regulate the immune response to nonmucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its lipopolysaccharide.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003 Feb;28(2):249-56 PMID: 12540493
  97. Effects of inhaled nitric oxide in a rat model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.
    Crit Care Med. 2000 Jul;28(7):2397-405 PMID: 10921570
  98. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
    Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1999 Jul;18(7):473-7 PMID: 10482023
  99. Endogenous interferon-gamma impairs bacterial clearance from lungs during Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.
    Eur Cytokine Netw. 2001 Mar;12(1):39-44 PMID: 11282544
  100. Pathophysiology and management of pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Oct 15;168(8):918-51 PMID: 14555458
  101. Pneumonia in the intensive care unit.
    Crit Care Med. 2003 Oct;31(10):2544-51 PMID: 14530765
  102. CXC chemokine receptor CXCR2 is essential for protective innate host response in murine Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.
    Infect Immun. 2000 Jul;68(7):4289-96 PMID: 10858247
  103. Activation of NF-kappaB in airway epithelial cells is dependent on CFTR trafficking and Cl- channel function.
    Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2001 Jul;281(1):L71-8 PMID: 11404248
  104. Whole-genome sequence variation among multiple isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    J Bacteriol. 2003 Feb;185(4):1316-25 PMID: 12562802
  105. Approach to resistant gram-negative bacterial pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis.
    Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2003 Nov;9(6):509-15 PMID: 14534404
  106. The Pseudomonas autoinducer N-(3-oxododecanoyl) homoserine lactone induces cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 production in human lung fibroblasts: implications for inflammation.
    J Immunol. 2002 Sep 1;169(5):2636-42 PMID: 12193735
  107. Elevation of IL-18 in human sepsis.
    J Clin Immunol. 2000 May;20(3):212-5 PMID: 10941829
  108. A role for CD4+ T cells from orally immunized rats in enhanced clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the lung.
    Immunology. 1994 Nov;83(3):362-9 PMID: 7835960
  109. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator is an epithelial cell receptor for clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the lung.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Oct 28;94(22):12088-93 PMID: 9342367
  110. Update on pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis lung disease.
    Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2003 Nov;9(6):486-91 PMID: 14534400
  111. Different domains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S activate distinct TLRs.
    J Immunol. 2004 Aug 1;173(3):2031-40 PMID: 15265938
  112. Longitudinal assessment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in young children with cystic fibrosis.
    J Infect Dis. 2001 Feb 1;183(3):444-52 PMID: 11133376
  113. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa autoinducer N-3-oxododecanoyl homoserine lactone accelerates apoptosis in macrophages and neutrophils.
    Infect Immun. 2003 Oct;71(10):5785-93 PMID: 14500500
  114. Novel Pseudomonas product stimulates interleukin-8 production in airway epithelial cells in vitro.
    J Clin Invest. 1994 Jan;93(1):26-32 PMID: 8282796
  115. Peptides, pseudomonas aeruginosa, polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides - players in the predicament of cystic fibrosis patients: response
    Trends Microbiol. 2000 Jun;8(6):250-1 PMID: 10838575
  116. Production of beta-defensins by human airway epithelia.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Dec 8;95(25):14961-6 PMID: 9843998
  117. CD1d-dependent macrophage-mediated clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from lung.
    Nat Med. 2002 Jun;8(6):588-93 PMID: 12042809
  118. Murine complement interactions with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their consequences during pneumonia.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003 Oct;29(4):432-8 PMID: 14500254
  119. IL-10 is a major mediator of sepsis-induced impairment in lung antibacterial host defense.
    J Immunol. 1999 Jan 1;162(1):392-9 PMID: 9886412
  120. Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing as a potential antimicrobial target.
    J Clin Invest. 2003 Nov;112(10):1460-5 PMID: 14617745
  121. Excessive inflammatory response of cystic fibrosis mice to bronchopulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    J Clin Invest. 1997 Dec 1;100(11):2810-5 PMID: 9389746
  122. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl)homoserine lactone contributes to virulence and induces inflammation in vivo.
    J Bacteriol. 2002 Feb;184(4):1132-9 PMID: 11807074
  123. Pyoverdin is essential for virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    Infect Immun. 1996 Feb;64(2):518-23 PMID: 8550201
  124. Pyocyanin and 1-hydroxyphenazine produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibit the beating of human respiratory cilia in vitro.
    J Clin Invest. 1987 Jan;79(1):221-9 PMID: 3098783
  125. Role of the quorum-sensing system in experimental pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in rats.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Jun 1;167(11):1478-82 PMID: 12569080
  126. Improved outcome of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection is associated with induction of a Th1-dominated cytokine response.
    Clin Exp Immunol. 2002 Feb;127(2):206-13 PMID: 11876741
  127. Syndecan-1 shedding is enhanced by LasA, a secreted virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Feb 4;275(5):3057-64 PMID: 10652286
  128. Epidemiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
    Chest. 2000 Apr;117(4 Suppl 2):186S-187S PMID: 10816033
  129. Highly adherent small-colony variants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis lung infection.
    J Med Microbiol. 2003 Apr;52(Pt 4):295-301 PMID: 12676867
  130. Subcellular localization of Pseudomonas pyocyanin cytotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells.
    Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2003 Feb;284(2):L420-30 PMID: 12414438
  131. Molecular epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    Front Biosci. 2002 Oct 1;7:e354-61 PMID: 12165481
  132. Innate immunity: an overview.
    Mol Immunol. 2004 Feb;40(12):845-59 PMID: 14698223
  133. Reactive oxygen species and cell signaling: respiratory burst in macrophage signaling.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Dec 15;166(12 Pt 2):S4-8 PMID: 12471082
  134. Defects in type III secretion correlate with internalization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by epithelial cells.
    Infect Immun. 1998 Apr;66(4):1413-20 PMID: 9529061
  135. Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase degrades surfactant proteins A and D.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003 Apr;28(4):528-37 PMID: 12654643
  136. Pseudomonas biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance are linked to phenotypic variation.
    Nature. 2002 Apr 18;416(6882):740-3 PMID: 11961556
  137. The C5a chemoattractant receptor mediates mucosal defence to infection.
    Nature. 1996 Sep 5;383(6595):86-9 PMID: 8779720
  138. IL-8 production in human lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells activated by the Pseudomonas autoinducer N-3-oxododecanoyl homoserine lactone is transcriptionally regulated by NF-kappa B and activator protein-2.
    J Immunol. 2001 Jul 1;167(1):366-74 PMID: 11418672
  139. ExoU is a potent intracellular phospholipase.
    Mol Microbiol. 2004 Sep;53(5):1279-90 PMID: 15387809
  140. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) treatment decreases the inflammatory response in chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in rats.
    Clin Exp Immunol. 1996 Feb;103(2):212-8 PMID: 8565302
  141. Recent experience with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia in patients with cancer: Retrospective analysis of 245 episodes.
    Arch Intern Med. 2000 Feb 28;160(4):501-9 PMID: 10695690
  142. Surfactant protein-A-deficient mice are susceptible to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1998 Oct;19(4):700-8 PMID: 9761768
  143. Activation of alveolar macrophages and lung host defenses using transfer of the interferon-gamma gene.
    Am J Physiol. 1997 May;272(5 Pt 1):L852-9 PMID: 9176248
  144. The development of early host response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection is critically dependent on myeloid differentiation factor 88 in mice.
    J Biol Chem. 2004 Nov 19;279(47):49315-22 PMID: 15375173
  145. The genesis of cystic fibrosis lung disease.
    J Clin Invest. 1999 Feb;103(3):309-12 PMID: 9927490
  146. Deficient hydrophilic lung surfactant proteins A and D with normal surfactant phospholipid molecular species in cystic fibrosis.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999 Jan;20(1):90-8 PMID: 9870921
  147. Quantitation of inflammatory responses to bacteria in young cystic fibrosis and control patients.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Jul;160(1):186-91 PMID: 10390398
  148. Type III protein secretion is associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    Crit Care Med. 2002 Mar;30(3):521-8 PMID: 11990909
  149. Mechanism of conversion to mucoidy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infecting cystic fibrosis patients.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Sep 15;90(18):8377-81 PMID: 8378309
  150. Diverse Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene products stimulate respiratory epithelial cells to produce interleukin-8.
    J Clin Invest. 1995 Nov;96(5):2204-10 PMID: 7593606
  151. Iron transport and regulation, cell signalling and genomics: lessons from Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas.
    Mol Microbiol. 2002 Sep;45(5):1177-90 PMID: 12207687
  152. Endotoxin activity and inflammatory markers in the airways of young patients with cystic fibrosis.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Apr 1;165(7):911-5 PMID: 11934713
  153. Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Risk factors and follow-up epidemiology.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Sep;160(3):923-9 PMID: 10471620
  154. Signaling via Toll-like receptor 5 can initiate inflammatory mediator production by murine osteoblasts.
    Infect Immun. 2003 Sep;71(9):5418-21 PMID: 12933896
  155. Effect of lung-protective ventilation on severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia and sepsis in rats.
    Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2004 Aug;287(2):L402-10 PMID: 15107296
  156. Type III protein secretion is associated with death in lower respiratory and systemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.
    J Infect Dis. 2001 Jun 15;183(12):1767-74 PMID: 11372029
  157. Activation of NF-kappaB by adherent Pseudomonas aeruginosa in normal and cystic fibrosis respiratory epithelial cells.
    J Clin Invest. 1998 Jun 1;101(11):2598-605 PMID: 9616231
  158. Nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokines in early cystic fibrosis.
    J Infect Dis. 1997 Mar;175(3):638-47 PMID: 9041336
  159. Surfactant protein D stimulates phagocytosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by alveolar macrophages.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999 Nov;21(5):576-85 PMID: 10536117
  160. The immune response to chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients is predominantly of the Th2 type.
    APMIS. 2000 May;108(5):329-35 PMID: 10937769
  161. Chinks in the armor of the airway: Pseudomonas infection in the cystic fibrosis lung.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2001 Jul;25(1):11-3 PMID: 11472969
  162. Biofilms, antimicrobial resistance, and airway infection.
    N Engl J Med. 2002 Oct 3;347(14):1110-1 PMID: 12362015
  163. MIF regulates innate immune responses through modulation of Toll-like receptor 4.
    Nature. 2001 Dec 20-27;414(6866):920-4 PMID: 11780066
  164. Induction of direct antimicrobial activity through mammalian toll-like receptors.
    Science. 2001 Feb 23;291(5508):1544-7 PMID: 11222859
  165. Early pulmonary inflammation in infants with cystic fibrosis.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Apr;151(4):1075-82 PMID: 7697234
  166. Transcriptional activation of mucin by Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis lung disease.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Feb 4;94(3):967-72 PMID: 9023366
  167. Human beta-defensin 2 is a salt-sensitive peptide antibiotic expressed in human lung.
    J Clin Invest. 1998 Sep 1;102(5):874-80 PMID: 9727055
  168. Incidence, etiology, and outcome of nosocomial pneumonia in ICU patients requiring percutaneous tracheotomy for mechanical ventilation.
    Chest. 2003 Dec;124(6):2239-43 PMID: 14665506
  169. Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System.
    Crit Care Med. 1999 May;27(5):887-92 PMID: 10362409
  170. Inactivation of human beta-defensins 2 and 3 by elastolytic cathepsins.
    J Immunol. 2003 Jul 15;171(2):931-7 PMID: 12847264
  171. Toll-like receptors in normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2004 Jun;30(6):777-83 PMID: 14656745
  172. Role of CD 11/CD 18 in neutrophil emigration during acute and recurrent Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced pneumonia in rabbits.
    Am J Pathol. 1996 Apr;148(4):1297-305 PMID: 8644870
  173. In vitro enzyme activation and folded stability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A and its C-terminal peptide.
    Biochemistry. 1996 Jul 16;35(28):9042-51 PMID: 8703907
  174. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the oropharyngeal ecosystem of tube-fed patients.
    Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Aug;9(8):956-9 PMID: 12967493
  175. Nosocomial pneumonia: the importance of a de-escalating strategy for antibiotic treatment of pneumonia in the ICU.
    Chest. 2002 Dec;122(6):2183-96 PMID: 12475862
  176. Effects of Cl2MDP-encapsulating liposomes in a murine model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced sepsis.
    J Liposome Res. 2002;12(3):239-57 PMID: 12604029
  177. Synergistic and additive killing by antimicrobial factors found in human airway surface liquid.
    Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2000 Nov;279(5):L799-805 PMID: 11053013
  178. Bacterial pneumonia in hospitalized patients with HIV infection: the Pulmonary Complications, ICU Support, and Prognostic Factors of Hospitalized Patients with HIV (PIP) Study.
    Chest. 2000 Apr;117(4):1017-22 PMID: 10767233
  179. Pseudomonas aeruginosa regulates flagellin expression as part of a global response to airway fluid from cystic fibrosis patients.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 27;101(17):6664-8 PMID: 15084751
  180. Exploitation of syndecan-1 shedding by Pseudomonas aeruginosa enhances virulence.
    Nature. 2001 May 3;411(6833):98-102 PMID: 11333985
  181. The attributable morbidity and mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the critically ill patient. The Canadian Critical Trials Group.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Apr;159(4 Pt 1):1249-56 PMID: 10194173
  182. Structural requirements for TLR4-mediated LPS signalling: a biological role for LPS modifications.
    Microbes Infect. 2003 Oct;5(12):1057-63 PMID: 14554246
  183. Survey of bloodstream infections due to gram-negative bacilli: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in the United States, Canada, and Latin America for the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997.
    Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Sep;29(3):595-607 PMID: 10530454
  184. Role of apoptosis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.
    Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1783 PMID: 11729269
  185. Balance of inflammatory cytokines related to severity and mortality of murine sepsis.
    Infect Immun. 1996 Nov;64(11):4733-8 PMID: 8890233
  186. Role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in innate resistance to mouse pulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    Infect Immun. 1995 Sep;63(9):3272-8 PMID: 7642255
  187. The pulmonary collectins, SP-A and SP-D, orchestrate innate immunity in the lung.
    J Clin Invest. 2002 Mar;109(6):707-12 PMID: 11901176
  188. Bacterial infection in exacerbated COPD with changes in sputum characteristics.
    Epidemiol Infect. 2003 Aug;131(1):799-804 PMID: 12948381
  189. Neutrophil elastase in respiratory epithelial lining fluid of individuals with cystic fibrosis induces interleukin-8 gene expression in a human bronchial epithelial cell line.
    J Clin Invest. 1992 May;89(5):1478-84 PMID: 1569186
  190. A catalytic loop within Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A modulates its transferase activity.
    J Biol Chem. 2001 Sep 14;276(37):35029-36 PMID: 11457845
  191. Azithromycin in patients with cystic fibrosis chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a randomized controlled trial.
    JAMA. 2003 Oct 1;290(13):1749-56 PMID: 14519709
  192. Rac1 and Cdc42 are required for phagocytosis, but not NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression, in macrophages challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Jan 7;275(1):141-6 PMID: 10617597
  193. Defective phagocytosis and clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the lung following bone marrow transplantation.
    J Immunol. 2003 Oct 15;171(8):4416-24 PMID: 14530368
  194. Phagocytosis of unopsonized Pseudomonas aeruginosa by murine macrophages is a two-step process requiring glucose.
    J Clin Invest. 1992 Sep;90(3):1085-92 PMID: 1522217
  195. Prolonged inflammatory response to acute Pseudomonas challenge in interleukin-10 knockout mice.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Apr 15;165(8):1176-81 PMID: 11956064
  196. Role of alveolar macrophages in initiation and regulation of inflammation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.
    Infect Immun. 1998 Jul;66(7):3164-9 PMID: 9632581
  197. Regulation of matrilysin expression in airway epithelial cells by Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellin.
    J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 2;276(44):41417-23 PMID: 11527977
  198. Intrapulmonary TNF gene therapy reverses sepsis-induced suppression of lung antibacterial host defense.
    J Immunol. 2000 Dec 1;165(11):6496-503 PMID: 11086090
  199. Neutralization of IL-10 increases lethality in endotoxemia. Cooperative effects of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and tumor necrosis factor.
    J Immunol. 1995 Aug 15;155(4):2222-9 PMID: 7636269
  200. Listening in on bacteria: acyl-homoserine lactone signalling.
    Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Sep;3(9):685-95 PMID: 12209128
  201. Cystic fibrosis pathogens activate Ca2+-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in airway epithelial cells.
    J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 1;276(22):19267-75 PMID: 11278360
  202. Essential role of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB in regulation of interleukin-8 gene expression by nitrite reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in respiratory epithelial cells.
    Infect Immun. 1999 Aug;67(8):3872-8 PMID: 10417151
  203. Impact of siderophore production on Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in immunosuppressed mice.
    Infect Immun. 2000 Apr;68(4):1834-9 PMID: 10722571
  204. Characterization of chronic bronchopulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in resistant and susceptible inbred mouse strains.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999 Apr;20(4):710-9 PMID: 10101003
  205. Urokinase receptor-deficient mice have impaired neutrophil recruitment in response to pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.
    J Immunol. 2000 Aug 1;165(3):1513-9 PMID: 10903758
  206. Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate is refractory to Th1 immune response and impedes host immune clearance in a mouse model of acute lung infection.
    J Med Microbiol. 2003 Sep;52(Pt 9):731-40 PMID: 12909647
  207. Epithelial cell polarity affects susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa invasion and cytotoxicity.
    Infect Immun. 1997 Jul;65(7):2861-7 PMID: 9199460
  208. Role of pulmonary alveolar macrophages in defense of the lung against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    Infect Immun. 2000 Aug;68(8):4585-92 PMID: 10899859
  209. Problem pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter).
    Semin Respir Infect. 2000 Dec;15(4):287-98 PMID: 11220411
  210. Ion composition of airway surface liquid of patients with cystic fibrosis as compared with normal and disease-control subjects.
    J Clin Invest. 1997 Nov 15;100(10):2588-95 PMID: 9366574
Article Info
Journal
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine
Abbr.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med
ISSN
1073-449X
DOI
10.1164/rccm.200408-1044SO
Email
[email protected]
Published
2005-06-01
Epub
2005-00-01
Pages
1209-23
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
9421642
PMCID
PMC2718459
Subset
IM
Grants
NHLBI NIH HHS · R01 HL073989 · United States
NHLBI NIH HHS · HL075557 · United States
NHLBI NIH HHS · HL61419 · United States
NHLBI NIH HHS · HL66196 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200408-1044SO PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2