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PMID: 16720547 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Review

An overview of cytidine deaminases.

International journal of hematology ·Vol. 83 ·No. 3 ·2006-04-00 ·Pages 195-200

Navaratnam N, Sarwar R

Abstract

Enzymes that deaminate cytidine to uridine play an important role in a variety of pathways from bacteria to man. Ancestral members of this family were able to deaminate cytidine only in a mononucleotide or nucleoside context. Recently, a family of enzymes has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The first member of this new family is APOBEC1, which deaminates apolipoprotein B messenger RNA to generate a premature stop codon. APOBEC1 has the conserved active site motif found in Escherichia coli cytidine deaminase. In addition, APOBEC1 has a unique motif containing 2 phenylalanine residues and an insert of 4 amino acid residues across the active site motif. This motif is present in APOBEC family members including activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), APOBEC2, and APOBEC3A through APOBEC3G. AID is essential for initiating class-switch recombination, somatic hypermutation, and gene conversion. The APOBEC3 family is unique to primates. APOBEC3G is able to protect cells from human immunodeficiency virus and other viral infections. This function is not unique to APOBEC3G; other APOBEC3 family members also have this ability. Overexpression of enzymes in this family can cause cancer, suggesting that the genes for the APOBEC family of proteins are proto-oncogenes. Recent advances in the understanding of the mechanism of action of this family are summarized in this review.

MeSH Terms
APOBEC Deaminases APOBEC-1 Deaminase Animals Binding Sites Cytidine Deaminase/genetics,metabolism Cytosine Deaminase/genetics,metabolism Enzyme Activation Escherichia coli/enzymology,genetics Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic Humans Neoplasms/enzymology,genetics Oncogene Proteins/genetics,metabolism RNA Editing/genetics Virus Diseases/enzymology,genetics
Chemicals
Oncogene Proteins Cytosine Deaminase APOBEC-1 Deaminase APOBEC1 protein, human APOBEC Deaminases APOBEC3 protein, human Cytidine Deaminase
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Navaratnam Naveenan
MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom. [email protected]
Sarwar Rizwan
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Article Info
Journal
International journal of hematology
Abbr.
Int J Hematol
ISSN
0925-5710
DOI
10.1532/IJH97.06032
Email
[email protected]
Published
2006-04-00
Pages
195-200
Language
English
Region
Japan
NLM ID
9111627
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1532/IJH97.06032 View journal details
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