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PMID: 17051155 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida.

Nature ·Vol. 444 ·No. 7115 ·2006-11-02 ·Pages 85-8

Bourlat SJ, Juliusdottir T, Lowe CJ, Freeman R, Aronowicz J, Kirschner M, Lander ES, Thorndyke M, Nakano H, Kohn AB, Heyland A, Moroz LL, Copley RR, Telford MJ

Abstract

Deuterostomes comprise vertebrates, the related invertebrate chordates (tunicates and cephalochordates) and three other invertebrate taxa: hemichordates, echinoderms and Xenoturbella. The relationships between invertebrate and vertebrate deuterostomes are clearly important for understanding our own distant origins. Recent phylogenetic studies of chordate classes and a sea urchin have indicated that urochordates might be the closest invertebrate sister group of vertebrates, rather than cephalochordates, as traditionally believed. More remarkable is the suggestion that cephalochordates are closer to echinoderms than to vertebrates and urochordates, meaning that chordates are paraphyletic. To study the relationships among all deuterostome groups, we have assembled an alignment of more than 35,000 homologous amino acids, including new data from a hemichordate, starfish and Xenoturbella. We have also sequenced the mitochondrial genome of Xenoturbella. We support the clades Olfactores (urochordates and vertebrates) and Ambulacraria (hemichordates and echinoderms). Analyses using our new data, however, do not support a cephalochordate and echinoderm grouping and we conclude that chordates are monophyletic. Finally, nuclear and mitochondrial data place Xenoturbella as the sister group of the two ambulacrarian phyla. As such, Xenoturbella is shown to be an independent phylum, Xenoturbellida, bringing the number of living deuterostome phyla to four.

MeSH Terms
Animals Chordata/classification,genetics Classification DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics Expressed Sequence Tags Genetic Code/genetics Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics Molecular Sequence Data Nuclear Proteins/genetics Phylogeny
Chemicals
DNA, Mitochondrial Mitochondrial Proteins Nuclear Proteins
Authors & Affiliations
14 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Bourlat Sarah J
Department of Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
Juliusdottir Thorhildur
Lowe Christopher J
Freeman Robert
Aronowicz Jochanan
Kirschner Mark
Lander Eric S
Thorndyke Michael
Nakano Hiroaki
Kohn Andrea B
Heyland Andreas
Moroz Leonid L
Copley Richard R
Telford Maximilian J
Article Info
Journal
Nature
Abbr.
Nature
ISSN
1476-4687
Published
2006-11-02
Epub
2006-00-18
Pages
85-8
Language
English
Region
England
NLM ID
0410462
Subset
IM
Grants
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council · BB/C509866/1 · United Kingdom
Databases
GENBANK
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