Home
LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 17110569
Published · ppublish
English
Historical Article
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Sequencing and analysis of Neanderthal genomic DNA.
Abstract
Our knowledge of Neanderthals is based on a limited number of remains and artifacts from which we must make inferences about their biology, behavior, and relationship to ourselves. Here, we describe the characterization of these extinct hominids from a new perspective, based on the development of a Neanderthal metagenomic library and its high-throughput sequencing and analysis. Several lines of evidence indicate that the 65,250 base pairs of hominid sequence so far identified in the library are of Neanderthal origin, the strongest being the ascertainment of sequence identities between Neanderthal and chimpanzee at sites where the human genomic sequence is different. These results enabled us to calculate the human-Neanderthal divergence time based on multiple randomly distributed autosomal loci. Our analyses suggest that on average the Neanderthal genomic sequence we obtained and the reference human genome sequence share a most recent common ancestor approximately 706,000 years ago, and that the human and Neanderthal ancestral populations split approximately 370,000 years ago, before the emergence of anatomically modern humans. Our finding that the Neanderthal and human genomes are at least 99.5% identical led us to develop and successfully implement a targeted method for recovering specific ancient DNA sequences from metagenomic libraries. This initial analysis of the Neanderthal genome advances our understanding of the evolutionary relationship of Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis and signifies the dawn of Neanderthal genomics.
MeSH Terms
Animals
Biological Evolution
Bone and Bones
Cell Nucleus
DNA/genetics,isolation & purification
DNA, Mitochondrial
Fossils
Gene Pool
Genome
Genome, Human
Genomic Library
History, Ancient
Hominidae/genetics
Humans
Male
Molecular Sequence Data
Pan troglodytes/genetics
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Sequence Alignment
Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods
Time
Chemicals
DNA, Mitochondrial
DNA
References (23)
23 references, click to expand
-
Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors.Nature. 2005 Sep 15;437(7057):376-80 PMID: 16056220
-
A haplotype map of the human genome.Nature. 2005 Oct 27;437(7063):1299-320 PMID: 16255080
-
Metagenomics: DNA sequencing of environmental samples.Nat Rev Genet. 2005 Nov;6(11):805-14 PMID: 16304596
-
Interrogating multiple aspects of variation in a full resequencing data set to infer human population size changes.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Dec 20;102(51):18508-13 PMID: 16352722
-
Placing confidence limits on the molecular age of the human-chimpanzee divergence.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Dec 27;102(52):18842-7 PMID: 16365310
-
Metagenomics to paleogenomics: large-scale sequencing of mammoth DNA.Science. 2006 Jan 20;311(5759):392-4 PMID: 16368896
-
A new radiocarbon revolution and the dispersal of modern humans in Eurasia.Nature. 2006 Feb 23;439(7079):931-5 PMID: 16495989
-
Possible ancestral structure in human populations.PLoS Genet. 2006 Jul;2(7):e105 PMID: 16895447
-
Direct genomic selection.Nat Methods. 2005 Jan;2(1):63-9 PMID: 16152676
-
Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome.Nature. 2005 Sep 1;437(7055):69-87 PMID: 16136131
-
Direct radiocarbon dates for Vindija G(1) and Velika Pecína late Pleistocene hominid remains.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Oct 26;96(22):12281-6 PMID: 10535913
-
DNA sequences from multiple amplifications reveal artifacts induced by cytosine deamination in ancient DNA.Nucleic Acids Res. 2001 Dec 1;29(23):4793-9 PMID: 11726688
-
No evidence of Neandertal mtDNA contribution to early modern humans.PLoS Biol. 2004 Mar;2(3):E57 PMID: 15024415
-
Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans.Cell. 1997 Jul 11;90(1):19-30 PMID: 9230299
-
Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs.Nucleic Acids Res. 1997 Sep 1;25(17):3389-402 PMID: 9254694
-
DNA sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region II from the neandertal type specimen.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 May 11;96(10):5581-5 PMID: 10318927
-
Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of Europe.Nature. 2004 Nov 25;432(7016):461-5 PMID: 15565144
-
Genetic analyses from ancient DNA.Annu Rev Genet. 2004;38:645-79 PMID: 15568989
-
Maximum-likelihood estimation of demographic parameters using the frequency spectrum of unlinked single-nucleotide polymorphisms.Genetics. 2004 Nov;168(3):1699-712 PMID: 15579718
-
Modern humans did not admix with Neanderthals during their range expansion into Europe.PLoS Biol. 2004 Dec;2(12):e421 PMID: 15562317
-
Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia.Nature. 2005 Feb 17;433(7027):733-6 PMID: 15716951
-
Comparative metagenomics of microbial communities.Science. 2005 Apr 22;308(5721):554-7 PMID: 15845853
-
Genomic sequencing of Pleistocene cave bears.Science. 2005 Jul 22;309(5734):597-9 PMID: 15933159
Article Info
Journal
Science (New York, N.Y.)
Abbr.
Science
ISSN
1095-9203
Published
2006-11-17
Pages
1113-8
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
0404511
PMCID
PMC2583069
Subset
IM
Grants
NHLBI NIH HHS · HL066681 · United States
NIGMS NIH HHS · F32 GM074367 · United States
NHGRI NIH HHS · R01 HG002772-1 · United States
NHGRI NIH HHS · R01 HG002772-01 · United States
NIGMS NIH HHS · 1-F32-GM074367 · United States
NHGRI NIH HHS · R01 HG002772 · United States
Databases
GENBANK
DX935178,
DX935179,
DX935180,
DX935181,
DX935182,
DX935183,
DX935184,
DX935185,
DX935186,
DX935187,
DX935188,
DX935189,
DX935190,
DX935191,
DX935192,
DX935193,
DX935194,
DX935195,
DX935196,
DX935197,
DX935198,
DX935199,
DX935200,
DX935201,
DX935202,
DX935203,
DX935204,
DX935205,
DX935206,
DX935207,
DX935208,
DX935209,
DX935210,
DX935211,
DX935212,
DX935213,
DX935214,
DX935215,
DX935216,
DX935217,
DX935218,
DX935219,
DX935220,
DX935221,
DX935222,
DX935223,
DX935224,
DX935225,
DX935226,
DX935227,
DX935228,
DX935229,
DX935230,
DX935231,
DX935232,
DX935233,
DX935234,
DX935235,
DX935236,
DX935237,
DX935238,
DX935239,
DX935240,
DX935241,
DX935242,
DX935243,
DX935244,
DX935245,
DX935246,
DX935247,
DX935248,
DX935249,
DX935250,
DX935251,
DX935252,
DX935253,
DX935254,
DX935255,
DX935256,
DX935257,
DX935258,
DX935259,
DX935260,
DX935261,
DX935262,
DX935263,
DX935264,
DX935265,
DX935266,
DX935267,
DX935268,
DX935269,
DX935270,
DX935271,
DX935272,
DX935273,
DX935274,
DX935275,
DX935276,
DX935277,
DX935278,
DX935279,
DX935280,
DX935281,
DX935282,
DX935283,
DX935284,
DX935285,
DX935286,
DX935287,
DX935288,
DX935289,
DX935290,
DX935291,
DX935292,
DX935293,
DX935294,
DX935295,
DX935296,
DX935297,
DX935298,
DX935299,
DX935300,
DX935301,
DX935302,
DX935303,
DX935304,
DX935305,
DX935306,
DX935307,
DX935308,
DX935309,
DX935310,
DX935311,
DX935312,
DX935313,
DX935314,
DX935315,
DX935316,
DX935317,
DX935318,
DX935319,
DX935320,
DX935321,
DX935322,
DX935323,
DX935324,
DX935325,
DX935326,
DX935327,
DX935328,
DX935329,
DX935330,
DX935331,
DX935332,
DX935333,
DX935334,
DX935335,
DX935336,
DX935337,
DX935338,
DX935339,
DX935340,
DX935341,
DX935342,
DX935343,
DX935344,
DX935345,
DX935346,
DX935347,
DX935348,
DX935349,
DX935350,
DX935351,
DX935352,
DX935353,
DX935354,
DX935355,
DX935356,
DX935357,
DX935358,
DX935359,
DX935360,
DX935361,
DX935362,
DX935363,
DX935364,
DX935365,
DX935366,
DX935367,
DX935368,
DX935369,
DX935370,
DX935371,
DX935372,
DX935373,
DX935374,
DX935375,
DX935376,
DX935377,
DX935378,
DX935379,
DX935380,
DX935381,
DX935382,
DX935383,
DX935384,
DX935385,
DX935386,
DX935387,
DX935388,
DX935389,
DX935390,
DX935391,
DX935392,
DX935393,
DX935394,
DX935395,
DX935396,
DX935397,
DX935398,
DX935399,
DX935400,
DX935401,
DX935402,
DX935403,
DX935404,
DX935405,
DX935406,
DX935407,
DX935408,
DX935409,
DX935410,
DX935411,
DX935412,
DX935413,
DX935414,
DX935415,
DX935416,
DX935417,
DX935418,
DX935419,
DX935420,
DX935421,
DX935422,
DX935423,
DX935424,
DX935425,
DX935426,
DX935427,
DX935428,
DX935429,
DX935430,
DX935431,
DX935432,
DX935433,
DX935434,
DX935435,
DX935436,
DX935437,
DX935438,
DX935439,
DX935440,
DX935441,
DX935442,
DX935443,
DX935444,
DX935445,
DX935446,
DX935447,
DX935448,
DX935449,
DX935450,
DX935451,
DX935452,
DX935453,
DX935454,
DX935455,
DX935456,
DX935457,
DX935458,
DX935459,
DX935460,
DX935461,
DX935462,
DX935463,
DX935464,
DX935465,
DX935466,
DX935467,
DX935468,
DX935469,
DX935470,
DX935471,
DX935472,
DX935473,
DX935474,
DX935475,
DX935476,
DX935477,
DX935478,
DX935479,
DX935480,
DX935481,
DX935482,
DX935483,
DX935484,
DX935485,
DX935486,
DX935487,
DX935488,
DX935489,
DX935490,
DX935491,
DX935492,
DX935493,
DX935494,
DX935495,
DX935496,
DX935497,
DX935498,
DX935499,
DX935500,
DX935501,
DX935502,
DX935503,
DX935504,
DX935505,
DX935506,
DX935507,
DX935508,
DX935509,
DX935510,
DX935511,
DX935512,
DX935513,
DX935514,
DX935515,
DX935516,
DX935517,
DX935518,
DX935519,
DX935520,
DX935521,
DX935522,
DX935523,
DX935524,
DX935525,
DX935526,
DX935527,
DX935528,
DX935529,
DX935530,
DX935531,
DX935532,
DX935533,
DX935534,
DX935535,
DX935536,
DX935537,
DX935538,
DX935539,
DX935540,
DX935541,
DX935542,
DX935543,
DX935544,
DX935545,
DX935546,
DX935547,
DX935548,
DX935549,
DX935550,
DX935551,
DX935552,
DX935553,
DX935554,
DX935555,
DX935556,
DX935557,
DX935558,
DX935559,
DX935560,
DX935561,
DX935562,
DX935563,
DX935564,
DX935565,
DX935566,
DX935567,
DX935568,
DX935569,
DX935570,
DX935571,
DX935572,
DX935573,
DX935574,
DX935575,
DX935576,
DX935577,
DX935578,
DX935579,
DX935580,
DX935581,
DX935582,
DX935583,
DX935584,
DX935585,
DX935586,
DX935587,
DX935588,
DX935589,
DX935590,
DX935591,
DX935592,
DX935593,
DX935594,
DX935595,
DX935596,
DX935597,
DX935598,
DX935599,
DX935600,
DX935601,
DX935602,
DX935603,
DX935604,
DX935605,
DX935606,
DX935607,
DX935608,
DX935609,
DX935610,
DX935611,
DX935612,
DX935613,
DX935614,
DX935615,
DX935616,
DX935617,
DX935618,
DX935619,
DX935620,
DX935621,
DX935622,
DX935623,
DX935624,
DX935625,
DX935626,
DX935627,
DX935628,
DX935629,
DX935630,
DX935631,
DX935632,
DX935633,
DX935634,
DX935635,
DX935636,
DX935637,
DX935638,
DX935639,
DX935640,
DX935641,
DX935642,
DX935643,
DX935644,
DX935645,
DX935646,
DX935647,
DX935648,
DX935649,
DX935650,
DX935651,
DX935652,
DX935653,
DX935654,
DX935655,
DX935656,
DX935657,
DX935658,
DX935659,
DX935660,
DX935661,
DX935662,
DX935663,
DX935664,
DX935665,
DX935666,
DX935667,
DX935668,
DX935669,
DX935670,
DX935671,
DX935672,
DX935673,
DX935674,
DX935675,
DX935676,
DX935677,
DX935678,
DX935679,
DX935680,
DX935681,
DX935682,
DX935683,
DX935684,
DX935685,
DX935686,
DX935687,
DX935688,
DX935689,
DX935690,
DX935691,
DX935692,
DX935693,
DX935694,
DX935695,
DX935696,
DX935697,
DX935698,
DX935699,
DX935700,
DX935701,
DX935702,
DX935703,
DX935704,
DX935705,
DX935706,
DX935707,
DX935708,
DX935709,
DX935710,
DX935711,
DX935712,
DX935713,
DX935714,
DX935715,
DX935716,
DX935717,
DX935718,
DX935719,
DX935720,
DX935721,
DX935722,
DX935723,
DX935724,
DX935725,
DX935726,
DX935727,
DX935728,
DX935729,
DX935730,
DX935731,
DX935732,
DX935733,
DX935734,
DX935735,
DX935736,
DX935737,
DX935738,
DX935739,
DX935740,
DX935741,
DX935742,
DX935743,
DX935744,
DX935745,
DX935746,
DX935747,
DX935748,
DX935749,
DX935750,
DX935751,
DX935752,
DX935753,
DX935754,
DX935755,
DX935756,
DX935757,
DX935758,
DX935759,
DX935760,
DX935761,
DX935762,
DX935763,
DX935764,
DX935765,
DX935766,
DX935767,
DX935768,
DX935769,
DX935770,
DX935771,
DX935772,
DX935773,
DX935774,
DX935775,
DX935776,
DX935777,
DX935778,
DX935779,
DX935780,
DX935781,
DX935782,
DX935783,
DX935784,
DX935785,
DX935786,
DX935787,
DX935788,
DX935789,
DX935790,
DX935791,
DX935792,
DX935793,
DX935794,
DX935795,
DX935796,
DX935797,
DX935798,
DX935799,
DX935800,
DX935801,
DX935802,
DX935803,
DX935804,
DX935805,
DX935806,
DX935807,
DX935808,
DX935809,
DX935810,
DX935811,
DX935812,
DX935813,
DX935814,
DX935815,
DX935816,
DX935817,
DX935818,
DX935819,
DX935820,
DX935821,
DX935822,
DX935823,
DX935824,
DX935825,
DX935826,
DX935827,
DX935828,
DX935829,
DX935830,
DX935831,
DX935832,
DX935833,
DX935834,
DX935835,
DX935836,
DX935837,
DX935838,
DX935839,
DX935840,
DX935841,
DX935842,
DX935843,
DX935844,
DX935845,
DX935846,
DX935847,
DX935848,
DX935849,
DX935850,
DX935851,
DX935852,
DX935853,
DX935854,
DX935855,
DX935856,
DX935857,
DX935858,
DX935859,
DX935860,
DX935861,
DX935862,
DX935863,
DX935864,
DX935865,
DX935866,
DX935867,
DX935868,
DX935869,
DX935870,
DX935871,
DX935872,
DX935873,
DX935874,
DX935875,
DX935876,
DX935877,
DX935878,
DX935879,
DX935880,
DX935881,
DX935882,
DX935883,
DX935884,
DX935885,
DX935886,
DX935887,
DX935888,
DX935889,
DX935890,
DX935891,
DX935892,
DX935893,
DX935894,
DX935895,
DX935896,
DX935897,
DX935898,
DX935899,
DX935900,
DX935901,
DX935902,
DX935903,
DX935904,
DX935905,
DX935906,
DX935907,
DX935908,
DX935909,
DX935910,
DX935911,
DX935912,
DX935913,
DX935914,
DX935915,
DX935916,
DX935917,
DX935918,
DX935919,
DX935920,
DX935921,
DX935922,
DX935923,
DX935924,
DX935925,
DX935926,
DX935927,
DX935928,
DX935929,
DX935930,
DX935931,
DX935932,
DX935933,
DX935934,
DX935935,
DX935936,
DX935937,
DX935938,
DX935939,
DX935940,
DX935941,
DX935942,
DX935943,
DX935944,
DX935945,
DX935946,
DX935947,
DX935948,
DX935949,
DX935950,
DX935951,
DX935952,
DX935953,
DX935954,
DX935955,
DX935956,
DX935957,
DX935958,
DX935959,
DX935960,
DX935961,
DX935962,
DX935963,
DX935964,
DX935965,
DX935966,
DX935967,
DX935968,
DX935969,
DX935970,
DX935971,
DX935972,
DX935973,
DX935974,
DX935975,
DX935976,
DX935977,
DX935978,
DX935979,
DX935980,
DX935981,
DX935982,
DX935983,
DX935984,
DX935985,
DX935986,
DX935987,
DX935988,
DX935989,
DX935990,
DX935991,
DX935992,
DX935993,
DX935994,
DX935995,
DX935996,
DX935997,
DX935998,
DX935999,
DX936000,
DX936001,
DX936002,
DX936003,
DX936004,
DX936005,
DX936006,
DX936007,
DX936008,
DX936009,
DX936010,
DX936011,
DX936012,
DX936013,
DX936014,
DX936015,
DX936016,
DX936017,
DX936018,
DX936019,
DX936020,
DX936021,
DX936022,
DX936023,
DX936024,
DX936025,
DX936026,
DX936027,
DX936028,
DX936029,
DX936030,
DX936031,
DX936032,
DX936033,
DX936034,
DX936035,
DX936036,
DX936037,
DX936038,
DX936039,
DX936040,
DX936041,
DX936042,
DX936043,
DX936044,
DX936045,
DX936046,
DX936047,
DX936048,
DX936049,
DX936050,
DX936051,
DX936052,
DX936053,
DX936054,
DX936055,
DX936056,
DX936057,
DX936058,
DX936059,
DX936060,
DX936061,
DX936062,
DX936063,
DX936064,
DX936065,
DX936066,
DX936067,
DX936068,
DX936069,
DX936070,
DX936071,
DX936072,
DX936073,
DX936074,
DX936075,
DX936076,
DX936077,
DX936078,
DX936079,
DX936080,
DX936081,
DX936082,
DX936083,
DX936084,
DX936085,
DX936086,
DX936087,
DX936088,
DX936089,
DX936090,
DX936091,
DX936092,
DX936093,
DX936094,
DX936095,
DX936096,
DX936097,
DX936098,
DX936099,
DX936100,
DX936101,
DX936102,
DX936103,
DX936104,
DX936105,
DX936106,
DX936107,
DX936108,
DX936109,
DX936110,
DX936111,
DX936112,
DX936113,
DX936114,
DX936115,
DX936116,
DX936117,
DX936118,
DX936119,
DX936120,
DX936121,
DX936122,
DX936123,
DX936124,
DX936125,
DX936126,
DX936127,
DX936128,
DX936129,
DX936130,
DX936131,
DX936132,
DX936133,
DX936134,
DX936135,
DX936136,
DX936137,
DX936138,
DX936139,
DX936140,
DX936141,
DX936142,
DX936143,
DX936144,
DX936145,
DX936146,
DX936147,
DX936148,
DX936149,
DX936150,
DX936151,
DX936152,
DX936153,
DX936154,
DX936155,
DX936156,
DX936157,
DX936158,
DX936159,
DX936160,
DX936161,
DX936162,
DX936163,
DX936164,
DX936165,
DX936166,
DX936167,
DX936168,
DX936169,
DX936170,
DX936171,
DX936172,
DX936173,
DX936174,
DX936175,
DX936176,
DX936177
Analysis Services
Contact
No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong
Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab
750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan
2F, Bldg F, University Science Park
Tel: 0531-88819269
WeChat Official Account
Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.
Business Email
E-mail: [email protected]
Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2
