Diabetes mellitus and heart failure: epidemiology, mechanisms, and pharmacotherapy.

Diabetes mellitus and heart failure (HF), both of which are associated with high rates of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, commonly coexist. Given the marked increases in diabetes prevalence in developed countries, the proportion of the population with both conditions is likely to increase substantially. This article reviews the epidemiology of HF and diabetes, the mechanisms whereby diabetes causes HF, and the pharmacotherapy of both HF and diabetes. Specific challenges in treating patients with both HF and diabetes are also addressed.