Insulation of the ubiquitous Rxrb promoter from the cartilage-specific adjacent gene, Col11a2.

The retinoid X receptor beta gene (Rxrb) is located just upstream of the alpha2(XI) collagen chain gene (Col11a2) in a head-to-tail manner. However, the domain structures of these genes are unknown. Col11a2 is specifically expressed in cartilage. In the present study, we found Rxrb expression in various tissues with low expression in the cartilage. Col11a2 1st intron enhancer directed cartilage specific expression when linked to the heterologous promoter in transgenic mice. These results suggest the presence of enhancer-blocking elements that insulate Rxrb promoter from the Col11a2 enhancer. So far, most of insulators examined in vertebrates contain a binding site for CTCF. We found two possible CTCF-binding sites: one (11P) in the intergenic region between Rxrb and Col11a2 by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and the other in the 4th intron of RXRB by data base search. To examine the function of these elements, we prepared bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgene constructs containing a 142-kb genomic DNA insert with RXRB and COL11A2 sequences in the middle. Mutation of 11P significantly decreased the RXRB promoter activity in muscular cells and significantly increased expression levels of RXRB in chondrosarcoma cells. In transgenic mouse assays, the wild-type BAC transgene partly recapitulated endogenous Rxrb expression patterns. A 507-bp deletion mutation including 11P enhanced the cartilage-specific activity of the RXRB promoter in BAC transgenic mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that CTCF was associated with RX4, but not with 11P. Our results showed that the intergenic sequence including 11P insulates Rxrb promoter from Col11a2 enhancer, possibly associating with unknown factors that recognize a motif similar to CTCF.