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PMID: 19086173 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

Targeting of nucleus-encoded proteins to chloroplasts in plants.

The New phytologist ·Vol. 179 ·No. 2 ·2008-07-00 ·Pages 257-285

Jarvis P

Abstract

Most chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus and synthesized on free, cytosolic ribosomes in precursor form. Each precursor has an amino-terminal extension called a transit peptide, which directs the protein through a post-translational targeting pathway and is removed upon arrival inside the organelle. This 'protein import' process is mediated by the coordinate action of two multiprotein complexes, one in each of the envelope membranes: the TOC and TIC (Translocon at the Outer/ Inner envelope membrane of Chloroplasts) machines. Many components of these complexes have been identified biochemically in pea; these include transit peptide receptors, channel proteins, and molecular chaperones. Intriguingly, the Arabidopsis genome encodes multiple, homologous genes for receptor components of the TOC complex. Careful analysis indicated that the different receptor isoforms operate in different import pathways with distinct precursor recognition specificities. These 'substrate-specific' import pathways might play a role in the differentiation of different plastid types, and/or act to prevent deleterious competition effects between abundant and nonabundant precursors. Until recently, all proteins destined for internal chloroplast compartments were thought to possess a cleavable transit peptide, and to engage the TOC/TIC machinery. New studies using proteomics and other approaches have revealed that this is far from true. Remarkably, a significant number of chloroplast proteins are transported via a pathway that involves the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Other recent reports have elucidated an intriguing array of protein targeting routes leading to the envelope membranes themselves.

MeSH Terms
Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/physiology Cell Nucleus/metabolism Chloroplasts/metabolism Plant Proteins/metabolism Protein Transport/physiology
Chemicals
Plant Proteins
Authors & Affiliations
1 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Jarvis Paul
Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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Article Info
Journal
The New phytologist
Abbr.
New Phytol
ISSN
0028-646X
DOI
10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02452.x
Published
2008-07-00
Pages
257-285
Language
English
Region
England
NLM ID
9882884
Subset
IM
Grants
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council · United Kingdom
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02452.x View journal details
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