Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 20153628 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review

Paramutation in maize: RNA mediated trans-generational gene silencing.

Current opinion in genetics & development ·Vol. 20 ·No. 2 ·2010-04-00 ·Pages 156-63

Arteaga-Vazquez MA, Chandler VL

Abstract

Paramutation involves trans-interactions between alleles or homologous sequences that establish distinct gene expression states that are heritable for generations. It was first described in maize by Alexander Brink in the 1950s, with his studies of the red1 (r1) locus. Since that time, paramutation-like phenomena have been reported in other maize genes, other plants, fungi, and animals. Paramutation can occur between endogenous genes, two transgenes or an endogenous gene, and transgene. Recent results indicate that paramutation involves RNA-mediated heritable chromatin changes and a number of genes implicated in RNAi pathways. However, not all aspects of paramutation can be explained by known mechanisms of RNAi-mediated transcriptional silencing.

MeSH Terms
Alleles Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Gene Silencing Models, Genetic Mutation Plant Proteins/genetics RNA, Plant/genetics,metabolism RNA, Small Interfering/genetics,metabolism Zea mays/genetics,metabolism
Chemicals
Plant Proteins RNA, Plant RNA, Small Interfering
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Arteaga-Vazquez Mario Alberto
BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, United States. [email protected]
Chandler Vicki Lynn
References (60)
60 references, click to expand
  1. Epigenetic inheritance and reprogramming in plants and fission yeast.
    Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2008;73:265-71 PMID: 19329575
  2. Paramutation in maize.
    Plant Mol Biol. 2000 Jun;43(2-3):121-45 PMID: 10999400
  3. A dominant mutation in mediator of paramutation2, one of three second-largest subunits of a plant-specific RNA polymerase, disrupts multiple siRNA silencing processes.
    PLoS Genet. 2009 Nov;5(11):e1000725 PMID: 19936058
  4. Production and processing of siRNA precursor transcripts from the highly repetitive maize genome.
    PLoS Genet. 2009 Aug;5(8):e1000598 PMID: 19680464
  5. Long-distance cis and trans interactions mediate paramutation.
    Adv Genet. 2002;46:215-34 PMID: 11931225
  6. Small RNAs in transcriptional gene silencing and genome defence.
    Nature. 2009 Jan 22;457(7228):413-20 PMID: 19158787
  7. Epigenetic inheritance in plants.
    Nature. 2007 May 24;447(7143):418-24 PMID: 17522675
  8. Transgene repeat arrays interact with distant heterochromatin and cause silencing in cis and trans.
    Genetics. 1997 Nov;147(3):1181-90 PMID: 9383061
  9. Paramutation: the tip of an epigenetic iceberg?
    Trends Genet. 2010 Jan;26(1):9-14 PMID: 19945764
  10. A REGULAR AND CONTINUING CONVERSION-TYPE PHENOMENON AT THE B LOCUS IN MAIZE.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1959 Jun;45(6):828-32 PMID: 16590451
  11. MicroRNAs and other small RNAs enriched in the Arabidopsis RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-2 mutant.
    Genome Res. 2006 Oct;16(10):1276-88 PMID: 16954541
  12. RNA polymerase IV directs silencing of endogenous DNA.
    Science. 2005 Apr 1;308(5718):118-20 PMID: 15692015
  13. Paramutation: from maize to mice.
    Cell. 2007 Feb 23;128(4):641-5 PMID: 17320501
  14. Epigenetic variation in Arabidopsis disease resistance.
    Genes Dev. 2002 Jan 15;16(2):171-82 PMID: 11799061
  15. A mutation that prevents paramutation in maize also reverses Mutator transposon methylation and silencing.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 30;99(9):6130-5 PMID: 11959901
  16. Two-step recruitment of RNA-directed DNA methylation to tandem repeats.
    PLoS Biol. 2006 Nov;4(11):e363 PMID: 17105345
  17. Maize sex determination and abaxial leaf fates are canalized by a factor that maintains repressed epigenetic states.
    Dev Biol. 2007 Aug 15;308(2):462-73 PMID: 17612519
  18. Chromatin conversations: mechanisms and implications of paramutation.
    Nat Rev Genet. 2004 Jul;5(7):532-44 PMID: 15211355
  19. The regulatory regions required for B' paramutation and expression are located far upstream of the maize b1 transcribed sequences.
    Genetics. 2002 Oct;162(2):917-30 PMID: 12399399
  20. Roles of RNA polymerase IV in gene silencing.
    Trends Plant Sci. 2008 Jul;13(7):390-7 PMID: 18514566
  21. Compromised stability of DNA methylation and transposon immobilization in mosaic Arabidopsis epigenomes.
    Genes Dev. 2009 Apr 15;23(8):939-50 PMID: 19390088
  22. The B73 maize genome: complexity, diversity, and dynamics.
    Science. 2009 Nov 20;326(5956):1112-5 PMID: 19965430
  23. Mobilization of transposons by a mutation abolishing full DNA methylation in Arabidopsis.
    Nature. 2001 May 10;411(6834):212-4 PMID: 11346800
  24. Transgene-induced silencing identifies sequences involved in the establishment of paramutation of the maize p1 gene.
    Plant Cell. 2001 Feb;13(2):319-35 PMID: 11226188
  25. An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is required for paramutation in maize.
    Nature. 2006 Jul 20;442(7100):295-8 PMID: 16855589
  26. RNAi-mediated pathways in the nucleus.
    Nat Rev Genet. 2005 Jan;6(1):24-35 PMID: 15630419
  27. A novel Snf2 protein maintains trans-generational regulatory states established by paramutation in maize.
    PLoS Biol. 2007 Oct 16;5(10):e275 PMID: 17941719
  28. A maize Myb homolog is encoded by a multicopy gene complex.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1998 Nov;260(4):372-80 PMID: 9870702
  29. mediator of paramutation1 is required for establishment and maintenance of paramutation at multiple maize loci.
    Plant Cell. 2000 Nov;12(11):2101-18 PMID: 11090212
  30. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is required for enhancer-mediated transcriptional silencing associated with paramutation at the maize p1 gene.
    Genetics. 2008 Dec;180(4):1983-93 PMID: 18845841
  31. A Genetic Change Associated with the R Locus in Maize Which Is Directed and Potentially Reversible.
    Genetics. 1956 Nov;41(6):872-89 PMID: 17247669
  32. Centromere assembly and propagation.
    Cell. 2007 Feb 23;128(4):647-50 PMID: 17320502
  33. Two regulatory genes of the maize anthocyanin pathway are homologous: isolation of B utilizing R genomic sequences.
    Plant Cell. 1989 Dec;1(12):1175-83 PMID: 2535537
  34. Loss of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 2 (RDR2) function causes widespread and unexpected changes in the expression of transposons, genes, and 24-nt small RNAs.
    PLoS Genet. 2009 Nov;5(11):e1000737 PMID: 19936292
  35. Differential chromatin structure within a tandem array 100 kb upstream of the maize b1 locus is associated with paramutation.
    Genes Dev. 2002 Aug 1;16(15):1906-18 PMID: 12154122
  36. RNA polymerase IV functions in paramutation in Zea mays.
    Science. 2009 Feb 27;323(5918):1201-5 PMID: 19251626
  37. Self-association of the Drosophila zeste protein is responsible for transvection effects.
    EMBO J. 1990 Sep;9(9):2959-67 PMID: 2118108
  38. RNA-mediated chromatin-based silencing in plants.
    Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2009 Jun;21(3):367-76 PMID: 19243928
  39. Transposable elements and the epigenetic regulation of the genome.
    Nat Rev Genet. 2007 Apr;8(4):272-85 PMID: 17363976
  40. Feminized tassels of maize mop1 and ts1 mutants exhibit altered levels of miR156 and specific SBP-box genes.
    Planta. 2008 Dec;229(1):99-113 PMID: 18800226
  41. Complex structure of a maize Myb gene promoter: functional analysis in transgenic plants.
    Plant J. 2000 Jun;22(6):471-82 PMID: 10886767
  42. The properties, origin, and mechanism of conversion-type inheritance at the B locus in maize.
    Genetics. 1966 Jun;53(6):1035-63 PMID: 17248307
  43. siRNA and miRNA processing: new functions for Cajal bodies.
    Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2008 Apr;18(2):197-203 PMID: 18337083
  44. RNA-silencing enzymes Pol IV and Pol V in maize: more than one flavor?
    PLoS Genet. 2009 Nov;5(11):e1000736 PMID: 19956537
  45. Organization of paramutagenicity in R-stippled maize.
    Genetics. 1995 Sep;141(1):361-72 PMID: 8536983
  46. Assessing the impact of transgenerational epigenetic variation on complex traits.
    PLoS Genet. 2009 Jun;5(6):e1000530 PMID: 19557164
  47. Diversity of Pol IV function is defined by mutations at the maize rmr7 locus.
    PLoS Genet. 2009 Nov;5(11):e1000706 PMID: 19936246
  48. Genetic modification of heterochromatic association and nuclear organization in Drosophila.
    Nature. 1996 Jun 6;381(6582):529-31 PMID: 8632827
  49. Formation of stable epialleles and their paramutation-like interaction in tetraploid Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Nat Genet. 2003 Aug;34(4):450-4 PMID: 12847525
  50. Differential gene silencing by trans-heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster.
    Genetics. 2002 Jan;160(1):257-69 PMID: 11805061
  51. Tissue- and expression level-specific chromatin looping at maize b1 epialleles.
    Plant Cell. 2009 Mar;21(3):832-42 PMID: 19336692
  52. Genetic factors required to maintain repression of a paramutagenic maize pl1 allele.
    Genetics. 2001 Jan;157(1):369-78 PMID: 11139517
  53. Perturbation of nuclear architecture by long-distance chromosome interactions.
    Cell. 1996 May 31;85(5):745-59 PMID: 8646782
  54. Allelic interactions heritably alter the activity of a metastable maize pl allele.
    Genetics. 1995 Oct;141(2):709-19 PMID: 8647404
  55. Initiation, establishment, and maintenance of heritable MuDR transposon silencing in maize are mediated by distinct factors.
    PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct;4(10):e339 PMID: 16968137
  56. The structure and paramutagenicity of the R-marbled haplotype of Zea mays.
    Genetics. 1999 Oct;153(2):979-91 PMID: 10511572
  57. A paramutation phenomenon is involved in the genetics of maize low phytic acid1-241 (lpa1-241) trait.
    Heredity (Edinb). 2009 Mar;102(3):236-45 PMID: 18781168
  58. Plant nuclear RNA polymerase IV mediates siRNA and DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation.
    Cell. 2005 Mar 11;120(5):613-22 PMID: 15766525
  59. Molecular organization and germinal instability of R-stippled maize.
    Genetics. 1995 Sep;141(1):347-60 PMID: 8536982
  60. Distinct size distribution of endogeneous siRNAs in maize: Evidence from deep sequencing in the mop1-1 mutant.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 30;105(39):14958-63 PMID: 18815367
Article Info
Journal
Current opinion in genetics & development
Abbr.
Curr Opin Genet Dev
ISSN
1879-0380
DOI
10.1016/j.gde.2010.01.008
Email
[email protected]
Published
2010-04-00
Epub
2010-00-12
Pages
156-63
Language
English
Region
England
NLM ID
9111375
PMCID
PMC2859986
Subset
IM
Grants
NIH HHS · DP1 OD000575-03 · United States
NIH HHS · DP1 OD000575-01 · United States
NIH HHS · DP1 OD000575-05 · United States
NIH HHS · DP1 OD000575-02 · United States
NIH HHS · DP1 OD000575-04 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2010.01.008 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2