Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 20693839 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Review

Chemoimmunotherapy.

Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.) ·Vol. 16 ·No. 4 ·2010-00-00 ·Pages 295-303

Emens LA

Abstract

Cancer chemotherapy drugs are historically regarded as detrimental to immunity because of their myelosuppressive effects. However, accumulating data suggest that the antitumor activity of conventional cancer chemotherapy results in part from its ability to harness the innate and adaptive immune systems by inducing immunologically active tumor cell death. Additional data broaden the immunologic effect of cancer chemotherapy drugs, demonstrating that some drugs have the ability to disrupt pathways of immune suppression and immune tolerance in a manner that depends on the drug dose, and the timing of its administration in relation to immunotherapy. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of the interactions between chemotherapy drugs and the immune system will facilitate the strategic development of chemoimmunotherapy treatment regimens that both maximize tumor regression and the antitumor immune response for the long-term clinical benefit of cancer patients.

MeSH Terms
Animals Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage,therapeutic use Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use Combined Modality Therapy Humans Immunotherapy/methods Neoplasms/drug therapy,immunology,therapy
Chemicals
Antineoplastic Agents
Authors & Affiliations
1 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Emens Leisha A
Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans St, Room 409, Bunting Blaustein Cancer Research Building, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA. [email protected]
References (110)
110 references, click to expand
  1. Activated CD4+ T cells dramatically enhance chemotherapeutic tumor responses in vitro and in vivo.
    J Immunol. 2009 Nov 15;183(10):6800-7 PMID: 19846868
  2. Mechanism of melphalan-induced B7-1 gene expression in P815 tumor cells.
    J Immunol. 2001 Jun 1;166(11):6491-9 PMID: 11359799
  3. Anticancer strategies involving the vasculature.
    Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2009 Jul;6(7):395-404 PMID: 19424102
  4. Regulatory T cells, tumour immunity and immunotherapy.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2006 Apr;6(4):295-307 PMID: 16557261
  5. Doxorubicin and paclitaxel enhance the antitumor efficacy of vaccines directed against HER 2/neu in a murine mammary carcinoma model.
    Breast Cancer Res. 2004;6(4):R275-83 PMID: 15217493
  6. Allogeneic granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting tumor immunotherapy alone or in sequence with cyclophosphamide for metastatic pancreatic cancer: a pilot study of safety, feasibility, and immune activation.
    Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Mar 1;14(5):1455-63 PMID: 18316569
  7. Treatment of melanoma with 5-fluorouracil or dacarbazine in vitro sensitizes cells to antigen-specific CTL lysis through perforin/granzyme- and Fas-mediated pathways.
    J Immunol. 2004 Apr 1;172(7):4599-608 PMID: 15034078
  8. Chemotherapeutic agents in noncytotoxic concentrations increase antigen presentation by dendritic cells via an IL-12-dependent mechanism.
    J Immunol. 2009 Jul 1;183(1):137-44 PMID: 19535620
  9. Immunological aspects of cancer chemotherapy.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2008 Jan;8(1):59-73 PMID: 18097448
  10. Combination of p53 cancer vaccine with chemotherapy in patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer.
    Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Feb 1;12(3 Pt 1):878-87 PMID: 16467102
  11. Thymic-independent T cell regeneration occurs via antigen-driven expansion of peripheral T cells resulting in a repertoire that is limited in diversity and prone to skewing.
    J Immunol. 1996 Jun 15;156(12):4609-16 PMID: 8648103
  12. Reduced frequencies and suppressive function of CD4+CD25hi regulatory T cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia after therapy with fludarabine.
    Blood. 2005 Sep 15;106(6):2018-25 PMID: 15914560
  13. Calreticulin exposure dictates the immunogenicity of cancer cell death.
    Nat Med. 2007 Jan;13(1):54-61 PMID: 17187072
  14. Efficacy of cancer chemotherapy in relation to the pretreatment number of lymphocytes in patients with metastatic solid tumors.
    Int J Biol Markers. 2004 Apr-Jun;19(2):135-40 PMID: 15255546
  15. Sustaining the graft-versus-tumor effect through posttransplant immunization with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-producing tumor vaccines.
    Blood. 2000 May 15;95(10):3011-9 PMID: 10807763
  16. Cancer regression and autoimmunity in patients after clonal repopulation with antitumor lymphocytes.
    Science. 2002 Oct 25;298(5594):850-4 PMID: 12242449
  17. Adoptive cell transfer therapy following non-myeloablative but lymphodepleting chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with refractory metastatic melanoma.
    J Clin Oncol. 2005 Apr 1;23(10):2346-57 PMID: 15800326
  18. Timed sequential treatment with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and an allogeneic granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting breast tumor vaccine: a chemotherapy dose-ranging factorial study of safety and immune activation.
    J Clin Oncol. 2009 Dec 10;27(35):5911-8 PMID: 19805669
  19. Combination chemotherapy and ALVAC-CEA/B7.1 vaccine in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
    Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Aug 1;14(15):4843-9 PMID: 18676757
  20. Donor leukocyte infusion from immunized donors increases tumor vaccine efficacy after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
    Cancer Res. 2002 Feb 1;62(3):796-800 PMID: 11830535
  21. Novel allogeneic granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting tumor vaccine for pancreatic cancer: a phase I trial of safety and immune activation.
    J Clin Oncol. 2001 Jan 1;19(1):145-56 PMID: 11134207
  22. Phase I/II combined chemoimmunotherapy with carcinoembryonic antigen-derived HLA-A2-restricted CAP-1 peptide and irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin in patients with primary metastatic colorectal cancer.
    Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Aug 15;11(16):5993-6001 PMID: 16115944
  23. INGN-225: a dendritic cell-based p53 vaccine (Ad.p53-DC) in small cell lung cancer: observed association between immune response and enhanced chemotherapy effect.
    Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2010 Jun;10(6):983-91 PMID: 20420527
  24. Pretreatment with cisplatin enhances E7-specific CD8+ T-Cell-mediated antitumor immunity induced by DNA vaccination.
    Clin Cancer Res. 2008 May 15;14(10):3185-92 PMID: 18483387
  25. A randomized phase II study of concurrent docetaxel plus vaccine versus vaccine alone in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer.
    Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Feb 15;12(4):1260-9 PMID: 16489082
  26. Cyclophosphamide induces type I interferon and augments the number of CD44(hi) T lymphocytes in mice: implications for strategies of chemoimmunotherapy of cancer.
    Blood. 2000 Mar 15;95(6):2024-30 PMID: 10706870
  27. Chemomodulation of human dendritic cell function by antineoplastic agents in low noncytotoxic concentrations.
    J Transl Med. 2009 Jul 10;7:58 PMID: 19591684
  28. The DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine activates NY-ESO-1 antigenicity in orthotopic human glioma.
    Int J Cancer. 2008 Jun 1;122(11):2542-53 PMID: 18240144
  29. Intrinsic and cooperative antigen-presenting functions of dendritic-cell subsets in vivo.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2007 Jul;7(7):543-55 PMID: 17589544
  30. Therapy of relapsed leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation with T cells specific for minor histocompatibility antigens.
    Blood. 2010 May 13;115(19):3869-78 PMID: 20071660
  31. Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel enhance the antitumor immune response of granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor-secreting whole-cell vaccines in HER-2/neu tolerized mice.
    Cancer Res. 2001 May 1;61(9):3689-97 PMID: 11325840
  32. Enhancement of the anti-tumor efficacy of a GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell immunotherapy in preclinical models by cytosine arabinoside.
    Exp Hematol. 2008 Mar;36(3):319-28 PMID: 18279719
  33. Cyclophosphamide enhances immunity by modulating the balance of dendritic cell subsets in lymphoid organs.
    Blood. 2010 Jun 3;115(22):4384-92 PMID: 20154220
  34. GM-CSF-secreting vaccines for solid tumors.
    Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2009 Dec;10(12):1315-24 PMID: 19943203
  35. Immunogenic tumor cell death for optimal anticancer therapy: the calreticulin exposure pathway.
    Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Jun 15;16(12):3100-4 PMID: 20421432
  36. Synergy between chemotherapy and immunotherapy in the treatment of established murine solid tumors.
    Cancer Res. 2003 Aug 1;63(15):4490-6 PMID: 12907622
  37. Treg depletion with a low-dose metronomic temozolomide regimen in a rat glioma model.
    Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2009 Oct;58(10):1627-34 PMID: 19221744
  38. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in dendritic cells induces IL-1beta-dependent adaptive immunity against tumors.
    Nat Med. 2009 Oct;15(10):1170-8 PMID: 19767732
  39. Vaccination elicits correlated immune and clinical responses in glioblastoma multiforme patients.
    Cancer Res. 2008 Jul 15;68(14):5955-64 PMID: 18632651
  40. Combined intratumoral injection of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and systemic chemotherapy to treat pre-existing murine tumors.
    Cancer Res. 2001 Oct 15;61(20):7530-5 PMID: 11606390
  41. Combined therapy of an established, highly aggressive breast cancer in mice with paclitaxel and a unique DNA-based cell vaccine.
    Int J Cancer. 2006 Jun 1;118(11):2888-98 PMID: 16380982
  42. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2009 Mar;9(3):162-74 PMID: 19197294
  43. Cyclophosphamide resets dendritic cell homeostasis and enhances antitumor immunity through effects that extend beyond regulatory T cell elimination.
    Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2010 Jan;59(1):137-48 PMID: 19590872
  44. The role of MyD88 and TLR4 in the LPS-mimetic activity of Taxol.
    Eur J Immunol. 2001 Aug;31(8):2448-57 PMID: 11500829
  45. Gemcitabine directly inhibits myeloid derived suppressor cells in BALB/c mice bearing 4T1 mammary carcinoma and augments expansion of T cells from tumor-bearing mice.
    Int Immunopharmacol. 2009 Jul;9(7-8):900-9 PMID: 19336265
  46. Cyclophosphamide chemotherapy sensitizes tumor cells to TRAIL-dependent CD8 T cell-mediated immune attack resulting in suppression of tumor growth.
    PLoS One. 2009 Sep 10;4(9):e6982 PMID: 19746156
  47. Immunity feedback and clinical outcome in colon cancer patients undergoing chemoimmunotherapy with gemcitabine + FOLFOX followed by subcutaneous granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and aldesleukin (GOLFIG-1 Trial).
    Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jul 1;14(13):4192-9 PMID: 18593999
  48. Melphalan and other anticancer modalities up-regulate B7-1 gene expression in tumor cells.
    J Immunol. 2000 Jun 15;164(12):6230-6 PMID: 10843675
  49. Inhibition of CD4(+)25+ T regulatory cell function implicated in enhanced immune response by low-dose cyclophosphamide.
    Blood. 2005 Apr 1;105(7):2862-8 PMID: 15591121
  50. Toward a breast cancer vaccine: work in progress.
    Oncology (Williston Park). 2003 Sep;17(9):1200-11; discussion 1214, 1217-8 PMID: 14569849
  51. Efficacy of GM-CSF-producing tumor vaccine after docetaxel chemotherapy in mice bearing established Lewis lung carcinoma.
    J Immunother. 2006 Jul-Aug;29(4):367-80 PMID: 16799332
  52. The influence of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and prior chemotherapy on the immunological response to a vaccine (ALVAC-CEA B7.1) in patients with metastatic carcinoma.
    Clin Cancer Res. 2001 May;7(5):1181-91 PMID: 11350882
  53. Immunogenic and tolerogenic cell death.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2009 May;9(5):353-63 PMID: 19365408
  54. Homeostasis-stimulated proliferation drives naive T cells to differentiate directly into memory T cells.
    J Exp Med. 2000 Aug 21;192(4):549-56 PMID: 10952724
  55. Synergistic effect of metronomic dosing of cyclophosphamide combined with specific antitumor immunotherapy in a murine melanoma model.
    Cancer Res. 2003 Dec 1;63(23):8408-13 PMID: 14679003
  56. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1): nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2005 Apr;5(4):331-42 PMID: 15803152
  57. Cancer immunology.
    N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 19;358(25):2704-15 PMID: 18565863
  58. T-regulatory cell modulation: the future of cancer immunotherapy?
    Br J Cancer. 2009 Jun 2;100(11):1697-703 PMID: 19384299
  59. Treatment of ovarian cancer cell lines with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine upregulates the expression of cancer-testis antigens and class I major histocompatibility complex-encoded molecules.
    Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2009 Apr;58(4):589-601 PMID: 18791715
  60. Recruitment of latent pools of high-avidity CD8(+) T cells to the antitumor immune response.
    J Exp Med. 2005 May 16;201(10):1591-602 PMID: 15883172
  61. Monoclonal antibodies for cancer immunotherapy.
    Lancet. 2009 Mar 21;373(9668):1033-40 PMID: 19304016
  62. Increased circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells correlate with clinical cancer stage, metastatic tumor burden, and doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide chemotherapy.
    Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2009 Jan;58(1):49-59 PMID: 18446337
  63. Immunogenic death of colon cancer cells treated with oxaliplatin.
    Oncogene. 2010 Jan 28;29(4):482-91 PMID: 19881547
  64. Immunological aspects of local radiotherapy: clinical relevance.
    Discov Med. 2010 Feb;9(45):119-24 PMID: 20193637
  65. Treatment of colon and breast carcinoma cells with 5-fluorouracil enhances expression of carcinoembryonic antigen and susceptibility to HLA-A(*)02.01 restricted, CEA-peptide-specific cytotoxic T cells in vitro.
    Int J Cancer. 2003 Apr 20;104(4):437-45 PMID: 12584740
  66. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting cellular immunotherapy in combination with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) as postremission therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
    Blood. 2009 Aug 27;114(9):1736-45 PMID: 19556425
  67. Functional up-regulation of human leukocyte antigen class I antigens expression by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in cutaneous melanoma: immunotherapeutic implications.
    Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Jun 1;13(11):3333-8 PMID: 17545540
  68. Chemotherapy rescues tumor-driven aberrant CD4+ T-cell differentiation and restores an activated polyfunctional helper phenotype.
    Blood. 2010 Mar 25;115(12):2397-406 PMID: 20118405
  69. Development of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer after neoadjuvant paclitaxel chemotherapy.
    Clin Cancer Res. 2001 Oct;7(10):3025-30 PMID: 11595690
  70. Chemotherapy: friend or foe to cancer vaccines?
    Curr Opin Mol Ther. 2001 Feb;3(1):77-84 PMID: 11249735
  71. Differential effects of Paclitaxel on dendritic cell function.
    BMC Immunol. 2010 Mar 19;11:14 PMID: 20302610
  72. Toll-like receptor 4-dependent contribution of the immune system to anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
    Nat Med. 2007 Sep;13(9):1050-9 PMID: 17704786
  73. Migratory and lymphoid-resident dendritic cells cooperate to efficiently prime naive CD4 T cells.
    Immunity. 2008 Nov 14;29(5):795-806 PMID: 18951047
  74. Low-dose paclitaxel prior to intratumoral dendritic cell vaccine modulates intratumoral cytokine network and lung cancer growth.
    Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Sep 15;13(18 Pt 1):5455-62 PMID: 17875775
  75. Monoclonal antibodies: versatile platforms for cancer immunotherapy.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2010 May;10(5):317-27 PMID: 20414205
  76. Chemotherapy and tumor immunity: an unexpected collaboration.
    Front Biosci. 2008 Jan 01;13:249-57 PMID: 17981543
  77. Chemotherapy enhances vaccine-induced antitumor immunity in melanoma patients.
    Int J Cancer. 2009 Jan 1;124(1):130-9 PMID: 18839429
  78. Cyclophosphamide induces dynamic alterations in the host microenvironments resulting in a Flt3 ligand-dependent expansion of dendritic cells.
    J Immunol. 2010 Feb 15;184(4):1737-47 PMID: 20083664
  79. Chemotherapy enhances tumor cell susceptibility to CTL-mediated killing during cancer immunotherapy in mice.
    J Clin Invest. 2010 Apr;120(4):1111-24 PMID: 20234093
  80. Naive T cells transiently acquire a memory-like phenotype during homeostasis-driven proliferation.
    J Exp Med. 2000 Aug 21;192(4):557-64 PMID: 10952725
  81. Paclitaxel enhances early dendritic cell maturation and function through TLR4 signaling in mice.
    Cell Immunol. 2010;263(1):79-87 PMID: 20346445
  82. Tumor cell vaccine elicits potent antitumor immunity after allogeneic T-cell-depleted bone marrow transplantation.
    Cancer Res. 2001 Jan 1;61(1):162-71 PMID: 11196155
  83. Tumor cell death and ATP release prime dendritic cells and efficient anticancer immunity.
    Cancer Res. 2010 Feb 1;70(3):855-8 PMID: 20086177
  84. Successful therapy of metastatic cancer using tumor vaccines in mixed allogeneic bone marrow chimeras.
    Blood. 2003 Feb 15;101(4):1645-52 PMID: 12406877
  85. Recovery from cyclophosphamide-induced lymphopenia results in expansion of immature dendritic cells which can mediate enhanced prime-boost vaccination antitumor responses in vivo when stimulated with the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C).
    J Immunol. 2009 Feb 15;182(4):2030-40 PMID: 19201856
  86. Glucocorticoids in T cell apoptosis and function.
    Cell Mol Life Sci. 2006 Jan;63(1):60-72 PMID: 16314919
  87. Caspase-dependent immunogenicity of doxorubicin-induced tumor cell death.
    J Exp Med. 2005 Dec 19;202(12):1691-701 PMID: 16365148
  88. The anti-tumor efficacy of a GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell vaccine is not inhibited by docetaxel administration.
    Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2006 Oct;55(10):1285-93 PMID: 16408214
  89. Mesothelin-specific CD8(+) T cell responses provide evidence of in vivo cross-priming by antigen-presenting cells in vaccinated pancreatic cancer patients.
    J Exp Med. 2004 Aug 2;200(3):297-306 PMID: 15289501
  90. Biologic activity of irradiated, autologous, GM-CSF-secreting leukemia cell vaccines early after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Sep 15;106(37):15825-30 PMID: 19717467
  91. Chemoimmunotherapy of tumors: cyclophosphamide synergizes with exosome based vaccines.
    J Immunol. 2006 Mar 1;176(5):2722-9 PMID: 16493027
  92. Metronomic cyclophosphamide regimen selectively depletes CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and restores T and NK effector functions in end stage cancer patients.
    Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2007 May;56(5):641-8 PMID: 16960692
  93. Immune infiltration in human tumors: a prognostic factor that should not be ignored.
    Oncogene. 2010 Feb 25;29(8):1093-102 PMID: 19946335
  94. MyD88 is involved in the signalling pathway for Taxol-induced apoptosis and TNF-alpha expression in human myelomonocytic cells.
    Br J Haematol. 2002 Aug;118(2):638-45 PMID: 12139759
  95. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress tumor immunity but are sensitive to cyclophosphamide which allows immunotherapy of established tumors to be curative.
    Eur J Immunol. 2004 Feb;34(2):336-44 PMID: 14768038
  96. Mouse toll-like receptor 4.MD-2 complex mediates lipopolysaccharide-mimetic signal transduction by Taxol.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Jan 28;275(4):2251-4 PMID: 10644670
  97. Differential impairment of regulatory T cells rather than effector T cells by paclitaxel-based chemotherapy.
    Clin Immunol. 2008 Nov;129(2):219-29 PMID: 18771959
  98. Adoptive cell therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: evaluation of intensive myeloablative chemoradiation preparative regimens.
    J Clin Oncol. 2008 Nov 10;26(32):5233-9 PMID: 18809613
  99. Witch hunt against tumor cells enhanced by dendritic cells.
    Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Sep;1174:51-60 PMID: 19769736
  100. Cyclophosphamide induces bone marrow to yield higher numbers of precursor dendritic cells in vitro capable of functional antigen presentation to T cells in vivo.
    Cell Immunol. 2010;261(2):134-43 PMID: 20036354
  101. Physiology and therapeutics of vascular endothelial growth factor in tumor immunosuppression.
    Curr Mol Med. 2009 Aug;9(6):702-7 PMID: 19689297
  102. Induction of tumor cell apoptosis in vivo increases tumor antigen cross-presentation, cross-priming rather than cross-tolerizing host tumor-specific CD8 T cells.
    J Immunol. 2003 May 15;170(10):4905-13 PMID: 12734333
  103. Cytosine arabinoside induces costimulatory molecule expression in acute myeloid leukemia cells.
    Leukemia. 2004 Jul;18(7):1223-30 PMID: 15152266
  104. Gemcitabine exerts a selective effect on the humoral immune response: implications for combination chemo-immunotherapy.
    Cancer Res. 2002 Apr 15;62(8):2353-8 PMID: 11956096
  105. Cyclophosphamide augments antitumor immunity: studies in an autochthonous prostate cancer model.
    Cancer Res. 2009 May 15;69(10):4309-18 PMID: 19435909
  106. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine-induced expression of functional cancer testis antigens in human renal cell carcinoma: immunotherapeutic implications.
    Clin Cancer Res. 2002 Aug;8(8):2690-5 PMID: 12171902
  107. Origin of dendritic cells in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice.
    Nat Immunol. 2007 Jun;8(6):578-83 PMID: 17450143
  108. Metronomic chemotherapy enhances antitumor effects of cancer vaccine by depleting regulatory T lymphocytes and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis.
    Mol Ther. 2010 Jun;18(6):1233-43 PMID: 20372107
  109. Chemo-immunotherapy of metastatic colorectal carcinoma with gemcitabine plus FOLFOX 4 followed by subcutaneous granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-2 induces strong immunologic and antitumor activity in metastatic colon cancer patients.
    J Clin Oncol. 2005 Dec 10;23(35):8950-8 PMID: 16061910
  110. Effective combination of chemotherapy and dendritic cell administration for the treatment of advanced-stage experimental breast cancer.
    Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Jan;9(1):285-94 PMID: 12538481
Article Info
Journal
Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass.)
Abbr.
Cancer J
ISSN
1540-336X
DOI
10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181eb5066
Email
[email protected]
Published
2010-00-00
Pages
295-303
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
100931981
PMCID
PMC2919833
Subset
IM
Grants
NCI NIH HHS · P50 CA088843 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · K23 CA098498-01 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · K23 CA098498 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · P50 CA88843 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · P50 CA088843-08 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181eb5066 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2