Light adaptation in cone photoreceptors of the salamander: a role for cytoplasmic calcium.

1. Light adaptation has been studied in isolated red-sensitive cone photoreceptors of the salamander, using suction pipette recordings of circulating current. 2. In the presence of background illumination, the response to incremental dim flashes became desensitized according to the Weber-Fechner law. The recovery phase of the flash response was accelerated significantly, although the time-to-peak was reduced only slightly, and for dim backgrounds the rising phase was unaltered. 3. The role of cytoplasmic calcium concentration, Cai2+, in mediating cone adaptation was investigated by minimizing light-induced changes in Cai2+, either by incorporating calcium buffer into the cytoplasm or by exposing the outer segment to low-Ca2+, 0-Na+ solution. Both treatments appeared to slow dramatically or even to eliminate the onset of light adaptation in the cone. 4. When the low-Ca2+, 0-Na+ solution was presented in darkness, responses to subsequent illumination were affected in a characteristic manner: (i) the response-intensity relation was steepened and shifted to lower intensities, (ii) the response to a step of light could be predicted by integration and compression of the flash response, and (iii) the flash sensitivity declined steeply as a function of background intensity. 5. After extended exposure of the cone to bright backgrounds, the sensitivity in darkness failed to return to its original level. The flash response kinetics were faster and more biphasic than for dark-adapted responses or for responses desensitized to a comparable degree by exposure to steady background illumination. 6. The results indicate that, in cones isolated from the pigment epithelium, the primary factor influencing the adaptational state of the cell is the cytoplasmic concentration of free calcium, but that at high intensities the effects of pigment bleaching are likely to be significant.