Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 26041786 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

Revealing protein-lncRNA interaction.

Briefings in bioinformatics ·Vol. 17 ·No. 1 ·2016-01-00 ·Pages 106-16

Ferrè F, Colantoni A, Helmer-Citterich M

Abstract

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are associated to a plethora of cellular functions, most of which require the interaction with one or more RNA-binding proteins (RBPs); similarly, RBPs are often able to bind a large number of different RNAs. The currently available knowledge is already drawing an intricate network of interactions, whose deregulation is frequently associated to pathological states. Several different techniques were developed in the past years to obtain protein-RNA binding data in a high-throughput fashion. In parallel, in silico inference methods were developed for the accurate computational prediction of the interaction of RBP-lncRNA pairs. The field is growing rapidly, and it is foreseeable that in the near future, the protein-lncRNA interaction network will rise, offering essential clues for a better understanding of lncRNA cellular mechanisms and their disease-associated perturbations.

Keywords
co-immunoprecipitation high-throughput sequencing long non-coding RNAs protein–RNA interactions
MeSH Terms
Computational Biology/methods Computer Simulation High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/statistics & numerical data Humans Models, Molecular Nucleic Acid Conformation Protein Conformation Protein Interaction Maps/genetics RNA, Long Noncoding/chemistry,genetics,metabolism RNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry,genetics,metabolism SELEX Aptamer Technique/statistics & numerical data
Chemicals
RNA, Long Noncoding RNA-Binding Proteins
Authors & Affiliations
3 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Ferrè Fabrizio
Colantoni Alessio
Helmer-Citterich Manuela
References (135)
135 references, click to expand
  1. Mapping the human miRNA interactome by CLASH reveals frequent noncanonical binding.
    Cell. 2013 Apr 25;153(3):654-65 PMID: 23622248
  2. Analysis of long non-coding RNA expression profiles in gastric cancer.
    World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Jun 21;19(23):3658-64 PMID: 23801869
  3. An update on LNCipedia: a database for annotated human lncRNA sequences.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Jan;43(Database issue):D174-80 PMID: 25378313
  4. Computationally predicting protein-RNA interactions using only positive and unlabeled examples.
    J Bioinform Comput Biol. 2015 Jun;13(3):1541005 PMID: 25790785
  5. Finding the target sites of RNA-binding proteins.
    Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2014 Jan-Feb;5(1):111-30 PMID: 24217996
  6. Biochemical and bioinformatic methods for elucidating the role of RNA-protein interactions in posttranscriptional regulation.
    Brief Funct Genomics. 2015 Mar;14(2):102-14 PMID: 24951655
  7. starBase v2.0: decoding miRNA-ceRNA, miRNA-ncRNA and protein-RNA interaction networks from large-scale CLIP-Seq data.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan;42(Database issue):D92-7 PMID: 24297251
  8. Evidence-ranked motif identification.
    Genome Biol. 2010;11(2):R19 PMID: 20156354
  9. The functional role of long non-coding RNA in human carcinomas.
    Mol Cancer. 2011;10:38 PMID: 21489289
  10. ArrayExpress update--simplifying data submissions.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Jan;43(Database issue):D1113-6 PMID: 25361974
  11. Discovery of Protein-lncRNA Interactions by Integrating Large-Scale CLIP-Seq and RNA-Seq Datasets.
    Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2015 Jan 14;2:88 PMID: 25642422
  12. RNA meets chromatin.
    Genes Dev. 2005 Jul 15;19(14):1635-55 PMID: 16024654
  13. A transcriptome-wide atlas of RNP composition reveals diverse classes of mRNAs and lncRNAs.
    Cell. 2013 Aug 29;154(5):996-1009 PMID: 23993093
  14. The Protein Data Bank.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42 PMID: 10592235
  15. Site identification in high-throughput RNA-protein interaction data.
    Bioinformatics. 2012 Dec 1;28(23):3013-20 PMID: 23024010
  16. RNA Bind-n-Seq: quantitative assessment of the sequence and structural binding specificity of RNA binding proteins.
    Mol Cell. 2014 Jun 5;54(5):887-900 PMID: 24837674
  17. A long noncoding RNA maintains active chromatin to coordinate homeotic gene expression.
    Nature. 2011 Apr 7;472(7341):120-4 PMID: 21423168
  18. DoRiNA 2.0--upgrading the doRiNA database of RNA interactions in post-transcriptional regulation.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Jan;43(Database issue):D160-7 PMID: 25416797
  19. CMfinder--a covariance model based RNA motif finding algorithm.
    Bioinformatics. 2006 Feb 15;22(4):445-52 PMID: 16357030
  20. Genomic systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (Genomic SELEX) for the identification of protein-binding RNAs independent of their expression levels.
    Nat Protoc. 2006;1(5):2204-12 PMID: 17406458
  21. Insights into RNA biology from an atlas of mammalian mRNA-binding proteins.
    Cell. 2012 Jun 8;149(6):1393-406 PMID: 22658674
  22. RNA-binding proteins in human genetic disease.
    Trends Genet. 2008 Aug;24(8):416-25 PMID: 18597886
  23. linc-UBC1 physically associates with polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and acts as a negative prognostic factor for lymph node metastasis and survival in bladder cancer.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Oct;1832(10):1528-37 PMID: 23688781
  24. RNA in unexpected places: long non-coding RNA functions in diverse cellular contexts.
    Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2013 Nov;14(11):699-712 PMID: 24105322
  25. In silico characterization and prediction of global protein-mRNA interactions in yeast.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Aug;39(14):5826-36 PMID: 21459850
  26. RNA-protein interactions that regulate pre-mRNA splicing.
    Gene Expr. 2002;10(1-2):79-92 PMID: 11868989
  27. The GENCODE v7 catalog of human long noncoding RNAs: analysis of their gene structure, evolution, and expression.
    Genome Res. 2012 Sep;22(9):1775-89 PMID: 22955988
  28. Quantitative mass spectrometry and PAR-CLIP to identify RNA-protein interactions.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2012 Oct;40(19):9897-902 PMID: 22885304
  29. Identification of sequence-structure RNA binding motifs for SELEX-derived aptamers.
    Bioinformatics. 2012 Jun 15;28(12):i215-23 PMID: 22689764
  30. DNMT1-interacting RNAs block gene-specific DNA methylation.
    Nature. 2013 Nov 21;503(7476):371-6 PMID: 24107992
  31. The neuronal RNA binding protein Nova-1 recognizes specific RNA targets in vitro and in vivo.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Jun;17(6):3194-201 PMID: 9154818
  32. Quantitative analysis of RNA-protein interactions on a massively parallel array reveals biophysical and evolutionary landscapes.
    Nat Biotechnol. 2014 Jun;32(6):562-8 PMID: 24727714
  33. A computational approach for identifying microRNA-target interactions using high-throughput CLIP and PAR-CLIP sequencing.
    BMC Genomics. 2013;14 Suppl 1:S2 PMID: 23368412
  34. iCLIP--transcriptome-wide mapping of protein-RNA interactions with individual nucleotide resolution.
    J Vis Exp. 2011;(50). pii: 2638. doi: 10.3791/2638 PMID: 21559008
  35. NRED: a database of long noncoding RNA expression.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Jan;37(Database issue):D122-6 PMID: 18829717
  36. PAR-CliP--a method to identify transcriptome-wide the binding sites of RNA binding proteins.
    J Vis Exp. 2010;(41). pii: 2034. doi: 10.3791/2034 PMID: 20644507
  37. Characterizing the RNA targets and position-dependent splicing regulation by TDP-43.
    Nat Neurosci. 2011 Apr;14(4):452-8 PMID: 21358640
  38. PAR-CLIP analysis uncovers AUF1 impact on target RNA fate and genome integrity.
    Nat Commun. 2014;5:5248 PMID: 25366541
  39. RAPID-SELEX for RNA aptamers.
    PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82667 PMID: 24376564
  40. Computational prediction of associations between long non-coding RNAs and proteins.
    BMC Genomics. 2013;14:651 PMID: 24063787
  41. ChIPBase: a database for decoding the transcriptional regulation of long non-coding RNA and microRNA genes from ChIP-Seq data.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2013 Jan;41(Database issue):D177-87 PMID: 23161675
  42. Inferring binding energies from selected binding sites.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2009 Dec;5(12):e1000590 PMID: 19997485
  43. Analysis of RNA-protein complexes by oligonucleotide-targeted RNase H digestion.
    Methods. 2002 Feb;26(2):162-9 PMID: 12054893
  44. Integrative regulatory mapping indicates that the RNA-binding protein HuR couples pre-mRNA processing and mRNA stability.
    Mol Cell. 2011 Aug 5;43(3):327-39 PMID: 21723170
  45. Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase.
    Science. 1990 Aug 3;249(4968):505-10 PMID: 2200121
  46. A compendium of RNA-binding motifs for decoding gene regulation.
    Nature. 2013 Jul 11;499(7457):172-7 PMID: 23846655
  47. Pyicos: a versatile toolkit for the analysis of high-throughput sequencing data.
    Bioinformatics. 2011 Dec 15;27(24):3333-40 PMID: 21994224
  48. Deciphering the role of RNA-binding proteins in the post-transcriptional control of gene expression.
    Brief Funct Genomics. 2010 Dec;9(5-6):391-404 PMID: 21127008
  49. Visualization of single mRNAs reveals temporal association of proteins with microRNA-regulated mRNA.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Sep 1;39(17):7740-9 PMID: 21653551
  50. Ribonomic approaches to study the RNA-binding proteome.
    FEBS Lett. 2014 Oct 16;588(20):3649-64 PMID: 25150170
  51. Identification of protein binding sites on U3 snoRNA and pre-rRNA by UV cross-linking and high-throughput analysis of cDNAs.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jun 16;106(24):9613-8 PMID: 19482942
  52. Discovering sequence motifs with arbitrary insertions and deletions.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2008 Apr;4(4):e1000071 PMID: 18437229
  53. Cross-linking, ligation, and sequencing of hybrids reveals RNA-RNA interactions in yeast.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jun 14;108(24):10010-5 PMID: 21610164
  54. Discovering structural cis-regulatory elements by modeling the behaviors of mRNAs.
    Mol Syst Biol. 2009;5:268 PMID: 19401680
  55. Cooperativity in RNA-protein interactions: global analysis of RNA binding specificity.
    Cell Rep. 2012 May 31;1(5):570-81 PMID: 22708079
  56. A novel approach to represent and compare RNA secondary structures.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jun;42(10):6146-57 PMID: 24753415
  57. Comprehensive reconstruction and visualization of non-coding regulatory networks in human.
    Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2014 Dec 10;2:69 PMID: 25540777
  58. RNA processing and its regulation: global insights into biological networks.
    Nat Rev Genet. 2010 Jan;11(1):75-87 PMID: 20019688
  59. Posttranscriptional destabilization of the liver-specific long noncoding RNA HULC by the IGF2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1).
    Hepatology. 2013 Nov;58(5):1703-12 PMID: 23728852
  60. Technologies to probe functions and mechanisms of long noncoding RNAs.
    Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2015 Jan;22(1):29-35 PMID: 25565030
  61. PIPE-CLIP: a comprehensive online tool for CLIP-seq data analysis.
    Genome Biol. 2014;15(1):R18 PMID: 24451213
  62. High-throughput characterization of protein-RNA interactions.
    Brief Funct Genomics. 2015 Jan;14(1):74-89 PMID: 25504152
  63. RIPSeeker: a statistical package for identifying protein-associated transcripts from RIP-seq experiments.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2013 Apr;41(8):e94 PMID: 23455476
  64. The RNA-binding protein repertoire of embryonic stem cells.
    Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2013 Sep;20(9):1122-30 PMID: 23912277
  65. Landscape of transcription in human cells.
    Nature. 2012 Sep 6;489(7414):101-8 PMID: 22955620
  66. RBPmotif: a web server for the discovery of sequence and structure preferences of RNA-binding proteins.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2013 Jul;41(Web Server issue):W180-6 PMID: 23754853
  67. Methods for comprehensive experimental identification of RNA-protein interactions.
    Genome Biol. 2014;15(1):203 PMID: 24467948
  68. CLIP: a method for identifying protein-RNA interaction sites in living cells.
    Methods. 2005 Dec;37(4):376-86 PMID: 16314267
  69. Identification of RNA targets for the nuclear multidomain cyclophilin atCyp59 and their effect on PPIase activity.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2013 Feb 1;41(3):1783-96 PMID: 23248006
  70. RNA-binding proteins in Mendelian disease.
    Trends Genet. 2013 May;29(5):318-27 PMID: 23415593
  71. NPInter v2.0: an updated database of ncRNA interactions.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan;42(Database issue):D104-8 PMID: 24217916
  72. The genomic binding sites of a noncoding RNA.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Dec 20;108(51):20497-502 PMID: 22143764
  73. The effect of RNA secondary structures on RNA-ligand binding and the modifier RNA mechanism: a quantitative model.
    Gene. 2005 Jan 17;345(1):3-12 PMID: 15716109
  74. Function of lncRNAs and approaches to lncRNA-protein interactions.
    Sci China Life Sci. 2013 Oct;56(10):876-85 PMID: 24091684
  75. The emergence of lncRNAs in cancer biology.
    Cancer Discov. 2011 Oct;1(5):391-407 PMID: 22096659
  76. Interactions between JARID2 and noncoding RNAs regulate PRC2 recruitment to chromatin.
    Mol Cell. 2014 Jan 23;53(2):290-300 PMID: 24374312
  77. Components of the DNA methylation system of chromatin control are RNA-binding proteins.
    J Biol Chem. 2004 Nov 19;279(47):49479-87 PMID: 15342650
  78. Non-coding RNAs regulating the transcriptional machinery.
    Biol Cell. 2008 Feb;100(2):83-95 PMID: 18199047
  79. NONCODEv4: exploring the world of long non-coding RNA genes.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan;42(Database issue):D98-103 PMID: 24285305
  80. Mixture models and wavelet transforms reveal high confidence RNA-protein interaction sites in MOV10 PAR-CLIP data.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2012 Nov 1;40(20):e160 PMID: 22844102
  81. Computational prediction of RNA structural motifs involved in posttranscriptional regulatory processes.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 30;105(39):14885-90 PMID: 18815376
  82. RPI-Pred: predicting ncRNA-protein interaction using sequence and structural information.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Feb 18;43(3):1370-9 PMID: 25609700
  83. The non-coding RNA llme23 drives the malignant property of human melanoma cells.
    J Genet Genomics. 2013 Apr 20;40(4):179-88 PMID: 23618401
  84. RNA-protein interactions in vivo: global gets specific.
    Trends Biochem Sci. 2012 Jul;37(7):255-62 PMID: 22425269
  85. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) for detecting protein-nucleic acid interactions.
    Nat Protoc. 2007;2(8):1849-61 PMID: 17703195
  86. A global view of network of lncRNAs and their binding proteins.
    Mol Biosyst. 2015 Feb;11(2):656-63 PMID: 25483728
  87. De novo prediction of RNA-protein interactions from sequence information.
    Mol Biosyst. 2013 Jan 27;9(1):133-42 PMID: 23138266
  88. Fitting a mixture model by expectation maximization to discover motifs in biopolymers.
    Proc Int Conf Intell Syst Mol Biol. 1994;2:28-36 PMID: 7584402
  89. Genome-wide identification of polycomb-associated RNAs by RIP-seq.
    Mol Cell. 2010 Dec 22;40(6):939-53 PMID: 21172659
  90. Long non-coding RNAs: versatile master regulators of gene expression and crucial players in cancer.
    Am J Transl Res. 2012;4(2):127-50 PMID: 22611467
  91. Using RNA secondary structures to guide sequence motif finding towards single-stranded regions.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(17):e117 PMID: 16987907
  92. The nuclear-retained noncoding RNA MALAT1 regulates alternative splicing by modulating SR splicing factor phosphorylation.
    Mol Cell. 2010 Sep 24;39(6):925-38 PMID: 20797886
  93. Predicting protein associations with long noncoding RNAs.
    Nat Methods. 2011 Jun;8(6):444-5 PMID: 21623348
  94. NCBI GEO: archive for functional genomics data sets--update.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2013 Jan;41(Database issue):D991-5 PMID: 23193258
  95. A long noncoding RNA controls muscle differentiation by functioning as a competing endogenous RNA.
    Cell. 2011 Oct 14;147(2):358-69 PMID: 22000014
  96. RNA antisense purification (RAP) for mapping RNA interactions with chromatin.
    Methods Mol Biol. 2015;1262:183-97 PMID: 25555582
  97. Long non-coding antisense RNA controls Uchl1 translation through an embedded SINEB2 repeat.
    Nature. 2012 Nov 15;491(7424):454-7 PMID: 23064229
  98. PARalyzer: definition of RNA binding sites from PAR-CLIP short-read sequence data.
    Genome Biol. 2011;12(8):R79 PMID: 21851591
  99. Promoter-associated long noncoding RNAs repress transcription through a RNA binding protein TLS.
    Adv Exp Med Biol. 2011;722:196-208 PMID: 21915790
  100. RBPDB: a database of RNA-binding specificities.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan;39(Database issue):D301-8 PMID: 21036867
  101. Diverse RNA-binding proteins interact with functionally related sets of RNAs, suggesting an extensive regulatory system.
    PLoS Biol. 2008 Oct 28;6(10):e255 PMID: 18959479
  102. Genomic SELEX: a discovery tool for genomic aptamers.
    Methods. 2010 Oct;52(2):125-32 PMID: 20541015
  103. HuR regulates cyclin A and cyclin B1 mRNA stability during cell proliferation.
    EMBO J. 2000 May 15;19(10):2340-50 PMID: 10811625
  104. Genomic SELEX for Hfq-binding RNAs identifies genomic aptamers predominantly in antisense transcripts.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jun;38(11):3794-808 PMID: 20348540
  105. The mRNA-bound proteome and its global occupancy profile on protein-coding transcripts.
    Mol Cell. 2012 Jun 8;46(5):674-90 PMID: 22681889
  106. RNAcontext: a new method for learning the sequence and structure binding preferences of RNA-binding proteins.
    PLoS Comput Biol. 2010;6:e1000832 PMID: 20617199
  107. Molecular interplay of the noncoding RNA ANRIL and methylated histone H3 lysine 27 by polycomb CBX7 in transcriptional silencing of INK4a.
    Mol Cell. 2010 Jun 11;38(5):662-74 PMID: 20541999
  108. Rapid and systematic analysis of the RNA recognition specificities of RNA-binding proteins.
    Nat Biotechnol. 2009 Jul;27(7):667-70 PMID: 19561594
  109. A model-based approach to identify binding sites in CLIP-Seq data.
    PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e93248 PMID: 24714572
  110. Genomic maps of long noncoding RNA occupancy reveal principles of RNA-chromatin interactions.
    Mol Cell. 2011 Nov 18;44(4):667-78 PMID: 21963238
  111. Identification of a long non-coding RNA-associated RNP complex regulating metastasis at the translational step.
    EMBO J. 2013 Oct 16;32(20):2672-84 PMID: 23974796
  112. Predicting in vivo binding sites of RNA-binding proteins using mRNA secondary structure.
    RNA. 2010 Jun;16(6):1096-107 PMID: 20418358
  113. Dissecting the expression landscape of RNA-binding proteins in human cancers.
    Genome Biol. 2014;15(1):R14 PMID: 24410894
  114. HOTAIR: a cancer-related long non-coding RNA.
    Neoplasma. 2014;61(4):379-91 PMID: 25027739
  115. Biochemical analysis of long non-coding RNA-containing ribonucleoprotein complexes.
    Methods. 2012 Oct;58(2):88-93 PMID: 22789663
  116. CLIPZ: a database and analysis environment for experimentally determined binding sites of RNA-binding proteins.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan;39(Database issue):D245-52 PMID: 21087992
  117. RNA-protein complexes.
    Curr Opin Struct Biol. 1999 Feb;9(1):66-73 PMID: 10400475
  118. RBPmap: a web server for mapping binding sites of RNA-binding proteins.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jul;42(Web Server issue):W361-7 PMID: 24829458
  119. The functional characterization of long noncoding RNA SPRY4-IT1 in human melanoma cells.
    Oncotarget. 2014 Oct 15;5(19):8959-69 PMID: 25344859
  120. lncRNAdb: a reference database for long noncoding RNAs.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jan;39(Database issue):D146-51 PMID: 21112873
  121. Long intergenic noncoding RNAs: new links in cancer progression.
    Cancer Res. 2011 Jan 1;71(1):3-7 PMID: 21199792
  122. GraphProt: modeling binding preferences of RNA-binding proteins.
    Genome Biol. 2014;15(1):R17 PMID: 24451197
  123. Long noncoding RNA HOTAIR involvement in cancer.
    Tumour Biol. 2014 Oct;35(10):9531-8 PMID: 25168368
  124. RIP-Chip: the isolation and identification of mRNAs, microRNAs and protein components of ribonucleoprotein complexes from cell extracts.
    Nat Protoc. 2006;1(1):302-7 PMID: 17406249
  125. DGCR8 HITS-CLIP reveals novel functions for the Microprocessor.
    Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2012 Aug;19(8):760-6 PMID: 22796965
  126. Protein-specific prediction of mRNA binding using RNA sequences, binding motifs and predicted secondary structures.
    BMC Bioinformatics. 2014;15:123 PMID: 24780077
  127. Predicting RNA-protein interactions using only sequence information.
    BMC Bioinformatics. 2011;12:489 PMID: 22192482
  128. Functional demarcation of active and silent chromatin domains in human HOX loci by noncoding RNAs.
    Cell. 2007 Jun 29;129(7):1311-23 PMID: 17604720
  129. HITS-CLIP yields genome-wide insights into brain alternative RNA processing.
    Nature. 2008 Nov 27;456(7221):464-9 PMID: 18978773
  130. Mapping in vivo protein-RNA interactions at single-nucleotide resolution from HITS-CLIP data.
    Nat Biotechnol. 2011 Jul;29(7):607-14 PMID: 21633356
  131. Induced ncRNAs allosterically modify RNA-binding proteins in cis to inhibit transcription.
    Nature. 2008 Jul 3;454(7200):126-30 PMID: 18509338
  132. Quantitative interaction screen of telomeric repeat-containing RNA reveals novel TERRA regulators.
    Genome Res. 2013 Dec;23(12):2149-57 PMID: 23921659
  133. Large non-coding RNAs: missing links in cancer?
    Hum Mol Genet. 2010 Oct 15;19(R2):R152-61 PMID: 20729297
  134. In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands.
    Nature. 1990 Aug 30;346(6287):818-22 PMID: 1697402
  135. Leveraging cross-link modification events in CLIP-seq for motif discovery.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Jan;43(1):95-103 PMID: 25505146
Article Info
Journal
Briefings in bioinformatics
Abbr.
Brief Bioinform
ISSN
1477-4054
Published
2016-01-00
Epub
2015-00-02
Pages
106-16
Language
English
Region
England
NLM ID
100912837
PMCID
PMC4719072
Subset
IM
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]