Emergence of mcr-1 gene and carbapenemase-encoding genes among colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates in Jordan.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat that requires serious attention, particularly when it is developed against colistin, which is considered one of the 'last-resort' antibiotics for curing an infection. This study aimed to investigate the AMR profile of the Klebsiella (K.) pneumoniae clinical isolates and to obtain the comprehensive characteristics of the carbapenemases among the carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CR-KP) when isolated. In addition, to detect the colistin resistance and investigate the MCR genes in the clinical K. pneumoniae isolates for the first time in Jordan. A total of 179 K. pneumoniae isolates were cultured and they were confirmed using the VITEK 2 system and PCR. The antibiotic susceptibilities, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESβL), multidrug-resistant (MDR), and CR-KP were determined by using the VITEK 2 system, disc diffusion, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. PCR was performed to detect the MCR and carbapenemase genes. The rates of ESβL, MDR, and CR-KP were 48 %, 62 %, and 12.8 %, respectively. High colistin resistance of 49.7 % (89/179) was found. Only one MCR-1 (1.1 %) out of the 89 colistin resistance isolates was detected. Many of the isolates harbored the ESβL genes. In particular, the carbapenem genes were detected in 26 isolates, with 46 % KPC enzyme genes (12/26), 23 % IMP genes (6/26), 19 % OXA-48 genes (5/26), 11.5 % NDM-1 genes (3/26) but no VIM gene was found. The statistical analyses revealed a significant association between colistin resistance and MDR (P ≤ 0.05, Chi-square test). An association between colistin resistance and the Piperacillin, Ceftazidime, Cefpodoxime, Imipenem, Aztreonam, and Tobramycin resistance was noted. The study's findings demonstrated the presence of the MCR-1 gene in the K. pneumoniae clinical isolates for the first time in Jordan and indicated that the KPC and IMP encoded carbapenemases were the most prevalent K. pneumoniae carbapenemases in Jordan patients.