Unveiling the substantial role of rutin in the management of drug-induced nephropathy using network pharmacology and molecular docking.

Flavonoids including quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, rutin etc. have always been a part of traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of several ailments. Rutin (RT), also known as rutoside, sophorin is one of the flavanol glycoside having structure resemblance with quercetin. It is found to exhibit several biological activities viz. anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, cardioprotective, antidepressant, neuroprotective etc. but the mechanisms by which it exhibits these effects is still under research. The protective effects of rutin against drug induced nephropathy have already been discovered. Therefore, in this study, the main focus is to explore the mechanism by which rutin provides protection against drug-induced nephropathy using modern method like network pharmacology and molecular docking. Genes linked to drug-induced nephropathy and targets connected with rutin were obtained by searching through a number of extensive databases, including David software, Venn plot database, Swiss target prediction database, String database, Gene card & OMIM database, and Pubchem. In order to locate mapping targets, the acquired targets were examined and intersected. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was then built to find potential targets. From the KEGG pathway, the target pathway responsible for drug-induced nephropathy were found to be XDH, HSD17B2, MET, PRKCB, CD38, ALDH2, CDK1, PTK2, CYP19A1, TNF, F2, PTGS2, ESR1, GSK3B, GLO1, ALOX12, MMP3, PRKCZ, CXCR1, CA4, EGFR, PDE5A, F10, AKR1B1, DRD4, TERT, CA3, PLG, TP53, PRKCH, PIK3R1, PRKACA, CYP1B1, ALOX5, PLK1, CHEK1, KCNH2, PRKCD, MAPT, MPO, NOX4, AVPR2, ACHE, MCL1, KDR, ABCG2, CCR1, PIK3CG, FLT3, ADORA1, IL2, SYK, IGF1R, CA2, SERPINE1, INSR, PRKCA, APP, MMP9. From these identified targets, the 14 selected pathways which have major role in providing protection in drug-induced nephropathy have been discussed. As RT can inhibit various metabolic and proinflammatory pathways involved, it can help in prevention and treatment of drug-induced nephropathy. The revelation of mode of action of bioactive constituent rutin against drug-induced nephropathy provides a theoretical basis for designing more promising compounds in future for treatment of nephropathy.