Comprehensive Profiling of Triglycerides in Wild Eastern Mediterranean Echium Seed Oil Using Paternò-Büchi Modulated Lipidomics.

Currently, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which have become popular as dietary supplements, are limited by a shortage in supply. Thus, finding safe, effective alternatives is crucial. Echium seed oil (ESO), rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3ω-3) and stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4ω-3), surpasses many other botanical seed oils. In this study, a pseudotargeted approach was applied to characterize the lipidomic profile of two unexplored Echium species from the Mediterranean region. Our findings established Echium glomeratum as a rich source of ω-3 fatty acids (FAs), exceeding many other species in both quality and quantity. E. glomeratum possesses different FAs and triglyceride (TG) profiles compared to E. judaeum, with the ω-3:ω-6 ratio being 3.5 and 1.3, respectively. This corresponds to higher quantities of ALA (45.50%) and SDA (12.59%) in E. glomeratum. Triglycerides (TGs) comprise 93% of the total lipid content in ESO. This study also profiled the most abundant TGs (50-60 carbons) from both species through comprehensive assignment of the olefination patterns. The E. glomeratum oil profile, containing a higher ω-3 PUFA concentration, was further screened for cytotoxic and antioxidant activities. Our preliminary results demonstrated that E. glomeratum ESO may significantly suppress colon cancer cell growth.