Identification of differential proteins in Cordyceps militaris cultured with different nitrogen sources via proteomic analysis.

Cordyceps militaris is a rare edible and medicinal fungus rich in functional components. To clarify the regulatory mechanisms of different nitrogen sources on protein synthesis and functional properties, the study established a differential culture system using three supplementary nitrogen sources with wheat as the basic substrate. Proteins were extracted from the fruiting bodies in each group, and DEPs were identified. Results showed that PB group exhibited the best growth performance and the highest antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant capacity. Key DEPs such as MBL, Di‑copper protein, FDH, EF1-γ, 60S RPL10 and E3 ligase were upregulated in PB and PC groups, which are associated with mycelial development, protein synthesis, redox homeostasis and ubiquitination regulation. This study unravels the molecular mechanisms by which different nitrogen sources regulate protein expression and growth, providing theoretical basis and technical support for precise formulation of high-quality culture media and directional cultivation of functionally enhanced C. militaris.