Discovery of novel CSF1R inhibitor for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment through TAMs reprogramming.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), characterized by a lack of therapeutic targets and an immunosuppressive ("cold") tumor microenvironment (TME), is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype with poor prognosis and high recurrence. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which extensively infiltrate these "cold" TME, have emerged as a promising therapeutic target. Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is currently the most important clinically validated target that directly regulates the survival and differentiation of TAMs. However, CSF1R modulation remains underexplored for treating TNBC, while existing CSF1R inhibitors induced high hepatotoxicity due to defects in kinase selectivity. In this article, we identified a novel CSF1R inhibitor, LL-08, which possessed greater CSF1R inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.023 v.s. 5.716 nM) than pexidartinib. Moreover, LL-08 was able to inhibit the differentiation of TAMs as well as the production of the inflammation-suppressive factor IL-10. It also restored the ability of CD8+ T cells to secrete IFN-γ in a co-culture system between TAMs and splenic T cells, while possessing higher selectivity between TAMs and normal liver cells. In a TNBC xenotransplantation model, LL-08 exerted greater anti-tumor activity by reducing TAMs infiltration in tumors and increasing the proportion of CD8+ T cells. More importantly, LL-08 caused less damage to the liver than pexidartinib, which was in accordance with its enzymatic and cellular selectivity. In summary, LL-08 is a highly active and selective CSF1R inhibitor, showing potential for TNBC treatment by TAMs reprogramming.