Integration of phytochemical profiling and pharmacological assessment of Eucalyptus salubris seeds: a promising natural anti-inflammatory agent.

In this work, Eucalyptus salubris seeds extract (ESS) was characterized using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), and its in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated. Through LC-MS and MS2 analysis, flavanonols and monounsaturated fatty acids were found to be the most abundant components, while unreported galloylated flavanonols were profiled. ESS attenuated the denaturation of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), significantly stabilized rats Red Blood Cells (RBC) membranes, and inhibited both Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes, indicating its ability to reduce inflammation. The in vivo study showed that ESS significantly reduced the carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and normalized the inflammatory cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. In addition, ESS alleviated formaldehyde-induced arthritis symptoms through a remarkable reduction in oxidative stress biomarkers (evidenced by decreased Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione (GSH), and Nitric Oxide (NO) levels, along with increased Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activities), as well as the restoration of the hematological profile (reduction in white blood cell (WBC) count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), accompanied by an increase in red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin (Hb) levels). These effects are largely attributable to the richness of ESS in phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and other bioactive secondary metabolites. Collectively, these findings supported the therapeutic potential of E. salubris extract as a natural source of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents, warranting further investigation for potential pharmaceutical or nutraceutical applications.