Volumetric Thermal Characterisation of a Controlled Bioprinting Chamber Using Multi-Point Temperature Sensing.

3D bioprinting requires control of environmental conditions within the printing chamber, as temperature affects bioink rheology, printability and cell viability. However, the spatial temperature distribution inside bioprinting enclosures remains poorly characterised, limiting the understanding of thermal gradients that may affect process stability. In this work, the spatial thermal behaviour of a previously developed controlled chamber was evaluated using a multi-point temperature acquisition system. Temperature was monitored at 45 locations distributed throughout the chamber volume under controlled conditions at 37 °C after thermal stabilisation. The results revealed vertical and lateral thermal gradients associated with natural convection and forced air recirculation, together with local non-uniformities influenced by fan operation. Nevertheless, comparatively homogeneous temperature regions were identified within the printing zone, indicating suitable areas for more stable and reproducible biofabrication processes. Additionally, a three-dimensional CFD model incorporating the internal air volume, two 200 W electrical heaters, two axial recirculation fans, and simplified representations of the printhead and build platform was developed to represent an operational chamber configuration. The model was used to visualise the spatial temperature distribution within the enclosure, including the thermal field around the internal printer components. The proposed approach provides a practical experimental framework for the volumetric characterisation of thermal conditions in bioprinting environments, contributing to the design and optimisation of controlled chambers and improving the reliability of biofabrication processes.