Temperature effects on anaphase chromosome movement in the spermatocytes of two species of crane flies (Nephrotoma suturalis Loew and Nephrotoma ferruginea Fabricius).

Using phase-contrast cinemicrography on living crane fly (Nephrotoma suturalis Loew and Nephrotoma ferruginea Fabricius) spermatocytes, we have studied the effects of a range of temperatures (6--30 degrees C) on the anaphase I chromosome-to-pole movements of both autosomes and sex chromosomes. In contrast to previous work we have been able to study chromosome-to-pole velocities of autosomes without concurrent pole-to-pole elongation. In these cells we found that the higher the temperature, the faster was the autosomal chromosomes movement. From reviewing the literature we find that the general pattern of the effects of temperature on chromosome movement is similar whether or not pole-to-pole elongation occurs simultaneously with the chromosome-to-pole movement. Changes in cellular viscosities calculated from measurements of particulate Brownian movement do not seem to be able to account for the observed velocity differences due to temperature. Temperature effects on muscle contraction speed, flagellar beat frequency, ciliary beat frequency, granule flow in nerves, and chromosome movement have been compared, as have the activation energies for the rate-limiting steps in these motile systems: no distinction between possible mechanisms of force production is possible using these comparisons. The data show that even the different autosomes within single spermatocytes usually move at different speeds. These velocity differences cannot simply be related to chromosome size as the autosomes are visually indistinguishable. The sex chromosomes start their anaphase poleward movement after that of the autosomes, and move more slowly (by a factor of about 4), but their velocities appear to be affected by temperature in the same fashion as those of the autosomes. The interval between the onset of autosome anaphase and sex chromosome anaphase is also affected by temperature: the higher the temperature, the shorter the interval between the 2 stages. We have observed abnormalities in sex chromosome segregation, which may be due to temperature, but have not determined what the exact temperature shift conditions are that cause these abnormalities.