Excitatory amino acids directly depolarize rat brain astrocytes in primary culture.

L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) and L-aspartic acid (L-Asp) are considered to be major excitatory amino acid transmitters, causing depolarization and excitation of neurones in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). These responses have been thought to be an exclusively neuronal property as the excitatory amino acids either did not affect the potential of electrophysiologically unresponsive glial cells, or when an effect was seen, it was attributed to changes in external [K+] (refs 5, 6). Here we report that L-Glu directly depolarizes immunocytochemically-identified astrocytes in primary culture. L- or D-Asp and kainic acid (KA) also depolarized these cells while none or minimal changes in the resting membrane potentials were found in response to N-methyl-D-aspartate, D-glutamate, taurine, L-glutamine or to the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine. We conclude that the membrane potential of astrocytes can no longer be thought of as being responsive only to K+ and that the electrophysiological effects of excitatory amino acids in situ may not be exclusively a neuronal property.