Application of lectin--gold complexes for electron microscopic localization of glycoconjugates on thin sections.

A method is described for the electron microscopic detection of lectin-binding sites in different cellular compartments and extracellular structures that uses thin sections from resin-embedded tissues. Various lectins (Ricinus communis lectin I and II, peanut lectin, Lotus tetragonolobus lectin, Ulex europeus lectin I, Lens culinaris lectin, Helix pomatia lectin, and soybean lectin) were bound to particles of colloidal gold and used for direct staining of thin sections or glycoprotein--gold complexes were prepared and applied in an indirect technique (concanavalin A and horseradish peroxidase--gold complex; wheat germ lectin and ovomucoid--gold complex). The details for preparation of such complexes from 14 nm gold particles are reported. The conditions of tissue processing that gave satisfactory staining results and good fine structure preservation were mild aldehyde fixation without osmification and low temperature embedding with the hydrophilic resin Lowicryl K4M. None of the so-called etching procedures was necessary prior to labeling of Lowicryl K4M thin sections. Examples of the use of this approach for detection of glycoconjugates in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mucin of intestinal goblet cells as well as plasma membrane and various intracellular structures of absorptive intestinal and renal tubular cells are shown. A comparison is made with preembedding staining results on Concanavalin A-binding site localization in rat liver which shows that problems of penetration common in such a technique are circumvented by the postembedding approach described here. Concanavalin A-binding sites were not only consistently found in nuclear envelope, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membranes, and collagen fibers, but also in mitochondria, glycogen, ribosomes, and nucleus. These data and those of a previous investigation (Roth J, Cytochem 31:547, 1983) prove the applicability of this cytochemical technique for postembedding localization of glycoconjugates by light and electron microscopy.