Polar-group behaviour in mixed monolayers of phospholipids and fusogenic lipids.

1. The surface potentials of mixed monolayers of synthetic phospholipids with lipids that are fusogenic for hen erythrocytes were investigated. 2. At pH 5.6 and 10, but not at pH2, mixed monolayers of the fusogenic lipid, glycerol mono-oleate, with phosphatidylcholine exhibited negative deviations from the ideality rule in surface potential per molecule which were accompanied by negative deviations in mean molecular area. 3. Interactions of this type were not seen with chemically related but non-fusogenic lipids, nor were they found in mixed monolayers of any of the lipids with phosphatidylethanolamine. 4. Experiments with dihexadecyl phosphate and hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium indicated that the complete head group of phosphatidylcholine is required for its observed behaviour with fusogenic lipids. 5. Bivalent cations (Ca2+, UO2(2+) or Zn2+) in the subphase at pH 5.6 significantly modified the behaviour of mixed monolayers of fusogenic lipids with phospholipids; there was a parallel perturbing effect of fusogenic lipids on interactions between monolayers of phospholipids and bivalent cations. 6. Possible molecular interactions of fusogenic lipids with membrane phospholipids, and the role of Ca2+, are discussed which may be relevant to cell fusion in erythrocytes induced by low-melting lipids in the presence of Ca2+.