Double staining of coomassie blue-stained polyacrylamide gels by imidazole-sodium dodecyl sulfate-zinc reverse staining: sensitive detection of coomassie blue-undetected proteins.

The sensitivity, simplicity, and relative rapidity of Coomassie blue staining have made this technique the method of choice for routine detection and quantitative analysis of gel electrophoresis-separated protein bands in many applications. To extend the usefulness of this technique, we have developed a new double-staining method for visualizing SDS-PAGE-separated protein bands that were undetected by Coomassie blue staining of the gel. Coomassie blue-stained gels are washed in distilled water (15 min, two times) and then subjected to imidazole-zinc reverse staining. As a result of the method, a homogeneous white-stained background is generated and two types of protein bands can be observed: (a) typical Coomassie blue-stained bands, which appear superposed on larger transparent bands; and (b) reverse-stained (transparent) bands, which were previously undetected by the Coomassie blue staining. The method is rapid, simple, and reproducible and double-staining gels can be kept in distilled water for months without loss of the protein pattern. The overall sensitivity is high (e.g., 1.6 ng for recombinant streptokinase, 47 kDa) over a wide range of protein molecular weights (10 to 100 kDa) and independent of the degree of Coomassie blue destaining of the gel. Furthermore, a mechanism offering a consistent explanation for the role of imidazole, SDS, and zinc in the reverse staining of gels, particularly after Coomassie blue staining is proposed.