O-linked protein glycosylation structure and function.

There has been a recent resurgence of interest in the post-translational modification of serine and threonine hydroxyl groups by glycosylation, because the resulting O-linked oligosaccharide chains tend to be clustered over short stretches of peptide and hence they can present multivalent carbohydrate antigenic or functional determinants for antibody recognition, mammalian cell adhesion and microorganism binding. Co-operativity can greatly increase the affinity of interactions with antibodies or carbohydrate binding proteins. Thus, in addition to their known importance in bearing tumour associated antigens in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, glycoproteins with O-linked chains have been implicated as ligands or co-receptors for selectins (mammalian carbohydrate binding proteins). Microorganisms may have adopted similar mechanisms for interactions with mammalian cells in infection, by having relatively low affinity ligands (adhesins) for carbohydrate binding, which may bind with higher affinity due to the multivalency of the host ligand and which are complemented by other virulence factors such as interactions with integrin-type molecules. In addition to specific adhesion signals from O-linked carbohydrate chains, multivalent O-glycosylation is involved in determining protein conformation and forming conjugate oligosaccharide-protein antigenic, and possible functional determinants.