Desmin in muscle formation and maintenance: knockouts and consequences.

Desmin, the muscle-specific member of the intermediate filament (IF) family, is one of the earliest known myogenic markers in both skeletal muscle and heart. Its expression precedes that of all known muscle proteins including the members of the MyoD family of myogenic helix-loop-helix (mHLH) regulators with the exception of myf5. In mature striated muscle, desmin IFs surround the Z-discs, interlink them together and integrate the contractile apparatus with the sarcolemma and the nucleus. In vitro studies using both antisense RNA and homologous recombination techniques in embryonic stem (ES) cells demonstrated that desmin plays a crucial role during myogenesis, as inhibition of desmin expression blocked myoblast fusion and myotube formation. Both in C2C12 cells and differentiating embryoid bodies, the absence of desmin interferes with the normal myogenic program, as manifested by the inhibition of the mHLH transcription regulators. To investigate the function of desmin in all muscle types in vivo, we generated desmin null mice through homologous recombination. Surprisingly, a considerable number of these mice are viable and fertile, potentially due to compensation by vimentin, nestin or synemin. However, desmin null mice demonstrate a multisystem disorder involving cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle, beginning early in their postnatal life. Histological and electron microscopic analysis in both heart and skeletal muscle tissues reveals severe disruption of muscle architecture and degeneration. Structural abnormalities include loss of lateral alignment of myofibrils, perturbation of myofibril anchorage to the sarcolemma, abnormal mitochondrial number and organization, and loss of nuclear shape and positioning. Loose cell adhesion and increased intercellular space are prominent defects. The consequences of these abnormalities are most severe in the heart, which exhibits progressive degeneration and necrosis of the myocardium accompanied by extensive calcification. Abnormalities of smooth muscle included hypoplasia and degeneration. There is a direct correlation between severity of damage and muscle usage, possibly due to increased susceptibility to normal mechanical damage and/or to repair deficiency in the absence of desmin. In conclusion, the studies so far have demonstrated that though desmin is absolutely necessary for muscle differentiation in vitro, muscle development can take place in vivo in the absence of this intermediate filament protein. However, desmin seems to play an essential role in the maintenance of myofibril, myofiber and whole muscle tissue structural and functional integrity.