Growth patterns of large-for-gestational-age and appropriate-for-gestational-age infants of gestational diabetic mothers and control mothers at age 1 year.

The purpose of this study was to explore the development of adiposity in macrosomic and normosomic infants of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and control subjects between birth and age 1 year, and assess its relation to maternal prenatal factors and neonatal factors. This was a prospective observational study of 192 infants, including 47 large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants of GDM mothers, 47 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants of GDM mothers, 55 LGA control infants, and 44 AGA control infants who were evaluated at birth and age 1 year. Maternal prenatal and pregnancy anthropometric measurements were recorded. Multiple infant anthropometric measurements, including skinfold thicknesses, were obtained at birth and age 1 year. Regression models were run to detect the independent effects of various maternal and infant factors on 1-year child adiposity, adjusting for their effects at birth. LGA infants of GDM mothers had a higher BMI, waist circumference, and abdominal skinfold at age 1 year compared with all other study groups. Among infants of GDM mothers, the mean 2-h postprandial glucose value for the second and third trimester correlated with waist circumference (r = 0.28, P < 0.04) and subscapular skinfold (r = 0.37, P < 0.007), and correlated marginally with 1-year sum of four skinfolds. Among infants of GDM mothers, a regression of 1-year sum of four skinfolds was significantly related to maternal prepregnancy weight after controlling for sum of skinfolds at birth. For control infants, the maternal glucose screen value was significantly associated with 1-year sum of skinfolds adjusted for the birth sum of skinfolds. We concluded that macrosomic infants of GDM mothers have unique patterns of adiposity that are present at birth and persist at age 1 year. Further, we concluded that maternal factors, including adiposity and intrauterine fuel environment, influence the presence and distribution of adiposity for both infants of GDM mothers and control infants.