Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 14574489 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

Acute respiratory distress syndrome in the septic surgical patient.

World journal of surgery ·Vol. 27 ·No. 12 ·2003-12-00 ·Pages 1275-84

Balibrea JL, Arias-Díaz J

Abstract

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a process of acute inflammatory lung injury that affects a diverse array of surgical and medical patients. The syndrome is mediated by a complex and interacting system of chemical mediators produced by several types of pulmonary cells. Regardless of the predisposing causes, activation of the nuclear factor kappa B seems to be, at the molecular level, a signature event of ARDS, leading to the rapid activation of intracellular signaling pathways, which coordinate the induction of multiple genes encoding inflammatory mediators. There are at least two compelling reasons for promoting an understanding of these interactions and their molecular mediators and second messengers: new therapies intended to modulate these factors continue to be developed, and the levels of some of these molecules, most notably cytokines, may serve as early indicators of the onset of ARDS.

MeSH Terms
Cytokines/physiology Humans NF-kappa B/physiology Pulmonary Surfactants Respiratory Distress Syndrome/complications,immunology Sepsis/complications
Chemicals
Cytokines NF-kappa B Pulmonary Surfactants
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Balibrea Jose L
Department of Surgery, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
Arias-Díaz Javier
References (158)
158 references, click to expand
  1. Warner-Lambert/Parke-Davis award lecture. Cytokine-mediated activation of vascular endothelium. Physiology and pathology.
    Am J Pathol. 1988 Dec;133(3):426-33 PMID: 2462353
  2. Cutting edge: heat shock protein 60 is a putative endogenous ligand of the toll-like receptor-4 complex.
    J Immunol. 2000 Jan 15;164(2):558-61 PMID: 10623794
  3. Production of reactive oxygen species by central venous and arterial neutrophils in severe pneumonia and cardiac lung edema.
    Intensive Care Med. 1997 Feb;23(2):170-6 PMID: 9069002
  4. Surfactant protein A protects growing cells and reduces TNF-alpha activity from LPS-stimulated macrophages.
    Am J Physiol. 1996 Aug;271(2 Pt 1):L310-9 PMID: 8770070
  5. Upregulation of two death pathways of perforin/granzyme and FasL/Fas in septic acute respiratory distress syndrome.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Jan;161(1):237-43 PMID: 10619826
  6. Fibrinogen stimulates macrophage chemokine secretion through toll-like receptor 4.
    J Immunol. 2001 Sep 1;167(5):2887-94 PMID: 11509636
  7. Secretory non-pancreatic phopholipase A2 in severe sepsis: relation to endotoxin, cytokines and thromboxane B2.
    Infection. 1996 Mar-Apr;24(2):103-8 PMID: 8740100
  8. Plasma levels of type II phospholipase A2 and cytokines in patients with sepsis.
    Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 1995 Dec;90(3):413-21 PMID: 8746487
  9. Modulation of endothelial cell hemostatic properties by tumor necrosis factor.
    J Exp Med. 1986 Mar 1;163(3):740-5 PMID: 3753996
  10. Regulation of neutrophil activation in acute lung injury.
    Chest. 1999 Jul;116(1 Suppl):46S-54S PMID: 10424590
  11. Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell death.
    Am J Pathol. 1995 Jan;146(1):3-15 PMID: 7856735
  12. Tumor necrosis factor levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
    Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Aug;144(2):268-71 PMID: 1859048
  13. Secreted MD-2 is a large polymeric protein that efficiently confers lipopolysaccharide sensitivity to Toll-like receptor 4.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Oct 9;98(21):12156-61 PMID: 11593030
  14. Antibody-induced engagement of beta2 integrins in human neutrophils causes a rapid redistribution of cytoskeletal proteins, Src-family tyrosine kinases, and p72syk that precedes de novo actin polymerization.
    J Leukoc Biol. 1998 Sep;64(3):401-8 PMID: 9738668
  15. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Mar;149(3 Pt 1):818-24 PMID: 7509706
  16. Fas/Fas ligand pathway is involved in the resolution of type II pneumocyte hyperplasia after acute lung injury: evidence from a rat model.
    Crit Care Med. 2002 Jul;30(7):1528-34 PMID: 12130974
  17. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Feb;87(4):1620-4 PMID: 2154753
  18. High circulating levels of interleukin-6 in patients with septic shock: evolution during sepsis, prognostic value, and interplay with other cytokines. The Swiss-Dutch J5 Immunoglobulin Study Group.
    Am J Med. 1991 Jul;91(1):23-9 PMID: 1907101
  19. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides and innate immunity.
    J Endotoxin Res. 2001;7(3):167-202 PMID: 11581570
  20. Protection against endotoxic shock by a tumor necrosis factor receptor immunoadhesin.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 1;88(23):10535-9 PMID: 1660140
  21. Programmed cell death: alive and well in the new millennium.
    Trends Cell Biol. 2001 Dec;11(12):526-34 PMID: 11719060
  22. High bronchoalveolar levels of tumor necrosis factor and its inhibitors, interleukin-1, interferon, and elastase, in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome after trauma, shock, or sepsis.
    Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 May;145(5):1016-22 PMID: 1586041
  23. Cytokine production after intravenous or peritoneal gram-negative bacterial challenge in mice. Comparative protective efficacy of antibodies to tumor necrosis factor-alpha and to lipopolysaccharide.
    J Immunol. 1992 Mar 15;148(6):1890-7 PMID: 1541827
  24. Fas/FasL-dependent apoptosis of alveolar cells after lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in mice.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Mar;163(3 Pt 1):762-9 PMID: 11254536
  25. The value of immune modulating parameters in predicting the progression from peritonitis to septic shock.
    Shock. 2001 Feb;15(2):95-100 PMID: 11220648
  26. Sepsis and serum cytokine concentrations.
    Crit Care Med. 1997 Mar;25(3):405-12 PMID: 9118654
  27. Surfactant abnormalities in patients with respiratory failure after multiple trauma.
    Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Oct;140(4):1033-9 PMID: 2802366
  28. Passive immunization against cachectin/tumor necrosis factor protects mice from lethal effect of endotoxin.
    Science. 1985 Aug 30;229(4716):869-71 PMID: 3895437
  29. Pulmonary lung and surfactant lipid biosynthesis in dogs under septic and hypovolemic shock syndromes.
    Int J Biochem. 1979;10(1):91-6 PMID: 581755
  30. Interleukin-6 augments neutrophil cytotoxic potential via selective enhancement of elastase release.
    J Surg Res. 1998 Apr;76(1):91-4 PMID: 9695746
  31. Clinical risks for development of the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Feb;151(2 Pt 1):293-301 PMID: 7842182
  32. LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) triggers hydrogen peroxide production by canine neutrophils.
    J Leukoc Biol. 2000 Jul;68(1):73-80 PMID: 10914492
  33. Apoptosis is a pathway responsible for the resolution of endotoxin-induced alveolar type II cell hyperplasia in the rat.
    Int J Exp Pathol. 1998 Oct;79(5):303-11 PMID: 10193313
  34. Recombinant tumor necrosis factor and immune interferon act singly and in combination to reorganize human vascular endothelial cell monolayers.
    Am J Pathol. 1986 Apr;123(1):16-24 PMID: 2421578
  35. Immunological therapy of sepsis: experimental therapies.
    Intensive Care Med. 2001;27 Suppl 1:S104-15 PMID: 11307366
  36. NF-kappaB activation.
    Crit Care Med. 2000 Apr;28(4 Suppl):N100-4 PMID: 10807322
  37. G-CSF instillation into rat lungs mediates neutrophil recruitment, pulmonary edema, and hypoxia.
    J Leukoc Biol. 1998 Feb;63(2):169-74 PMID: 9468275
  38. Stimulation of the adherence of neutrophils to umbilical vein endothelium by human recombinant tumor necrosis factor.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Dec;82(24):8667-71 PMID: 3866246
  39. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced inhibition of phosphatidylcholine synthesis by human type II pneumocytes is partially mediated by prostaglandins.
    J Clin Invest. 1994 Jul;94(1):244-50 PMID: 8040266
  40. NF-kappa B and Rel proteins: evolutionarily conserved mediators of immune responses.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 1998;16:225-60 PMID: 9597130
  41. Interleukin-6: a cytokine with potential diagnostic and therapeutic roles.
    J Lab Clin Med. 1994 Jun;123(6):824-9 PMID: 8201259
  42. Release of reactive nitrogen intermediates and reactive oxygen intermediates from mouse peritoneal macrophages. Comparison of activating cytokines and evidence for independent production.
    J Immunol. 1988 Oct 1;141(7):2407-12 PMID: 3139757
  43. Inhibition of p38 mitogen activate kinase attenuates the severity of pancreatitis-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome.
    Crit Care Med. 2000 Jul;28(7):2567-72 PMID: 10921596
  44. The p65 subunit is responsible for the strong transcription activating potential of NF-kappa B.
    EMBO J. 1991 Dec;10(12):3805-17 PMID: 1935902
  45. Serum cytokine levels in human septic shock. Relation to multiple-system organ failure and mortality.
    Chest. 1993 Feb;103(2):565-75 PMID: 8432155
  46. Secretory products of macrophages.
    J Clin Invest. 1987 Feb;79(2):319-26 PMID: 3543052
  47. Composition and function of pulmonary surfactant in adult respiratory distress syndrome.
    Eur Respir J Suppl. 1989 Mar;3:104s-108s PMID: 2662993
  48. Identification of patients with acute lung injury. Predictors of mortality.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Dec;152(6 Pt 1):1818-24 PMID: 8520742
  49. Antioxidant treatment with N-acetylcysteine during adult respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
    Crit Care Med. 1992 Jul;20(7):918-23 PMID: 1617983
  50. Circulating complement proteins in patients with sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
    Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1996 Mar;3(2):175-83 PMID: 8991632
  51. Evidence of lung surfactant abnormality in respiratory failure. Study of bronchoalveolar lavage phospholipids, surface activity, phospholipase activity, and plasma myoinositol.
    J Clin Invest. 1982 Sep;70(3):673-83 PMID: 6896715
  52. Structure, regulation and function of NF-kappa B.
    Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1994;10:405-55 PMID: 7888182
  53. Surfactant-associated protein A inhibits LPS-induced cytokine and nitric oxide production in vivo.
    Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2000 Apr;278(4):L840-7 PMID: 10749762
  54. Identification of a lipid A binding site in the acute phase reactant lipopolysaccharide binding protein.
    J Biol Chem. 1989 Jun 25;264(18):10867-71 PMID: 2471708
  55. Acute respiratory distress in adults.
    Lancet. 1967 Aug 12;2(7511):319-23 PMID: 4143721
  56. Acute lung injury in the medical ICU: comorbid conditions, age, etiology, and hospital outcome.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Apr;157(4 Pt 1):1159-64 PMID: 9563734
  57. Elevated levels of NAP-1/interleukin-8 are present in the airspaces of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome and are associated with increased mortality.
    Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Aug;146(2):427-32 PMID: 1489135
  58. Preservation of complement-induced lung injury in mice with deficiency of NADPH oxidase.
    J Clin Invest. 1996 Jun 1;97(11):2680-4 PMID: 8647963
  59. Vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA in pericytes is upregulated by phorbol myristate acetate.
    Hypertension. 1998 Jan;31(1 Pt 2):511-5 PMID: 9453354
  60. Protective effects of C5a blockade in sepsis.
    Nat Med. 1999 Jul;5(7):788-92 PMID: 10395324
  61. Interleukin (IL)-10 inhibits nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) activation in human monocytes. IL-10 and IL-4 suppress cytokine synthesis by different mechanisms.
    J Biol Chem. 1995 Apr 21;270(16):9558-63 PMID: 7721885
  62. Recombinant human Fas ligand induces alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis and lung injury in rabbits.
    Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2001 Aug;281(2):L328-35 PMID: 11435207
  63. New insights into endotoxin-induced activation of macrophages: involvement of a K+ channel in transmembrane signaling.
    J Immunol. 2001 Jan 15;166(2):1009-15 PMID: 11145680
  64. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions.
    Blood. 1985 Mar;65(3):513-25 PMID: 3918593
  65. Purification of cachectin, a lipoprotein lipase-suppressing hormone secreted by endotoxin-induced RAW 264.7 cells.
    J Exp Med. 1985 May 1;161(5):984-95 PMID: 3872925
  66. Role of NFkappaB in the mortality of sepsis.
    J Clin Invest. 1997 Sep 1;100(5):972-85 PMID: 9276714
  67. Neutrophil apoptosis in the lung after hemorrhage or endotoxemia: apoptosis and migration are independent of IL-1beta.
    Clin Immunol. 1999 May;91(2):219-25 PMID: 10227814
  68. Dopamine induces neutrophil apoptosis through a dopamine D-1 receptor-independent mechanism.
    Surgery. 1999 Aug;126(2):314-22 PMID: 10455900
  69. Prostaglandin E1 attenuates cytotoxic mechanisms of primed neutrophils.
    Shock. 1998 Mar;9(3):171-6 PMID: 9525323
  70. Association of p53 and WAF1 expression with apoptosis in diffuse alveolar damage.
    Am J Pathol. 1996 Aug;149(2):531-8 PMID: 8701992
  71. Peroxynitrite oxidation of sulfhydryls. The cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide.
    J Biol Chem. 1991 Mar 5;266(7):4244-50 PMID: 1847917
  72. Pulmonary surfactant protein A enhances the host-defense mechanism of rat alveolar macrophages.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1990 Jan;2(1):91-8 PMID: 2306370
  73. Signalling through the lipid products of phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase.
    Nature. 1997 Jun 12;387(6634):673-6 PMID: 9192891
  74. Bronchopulmonary segmental lavage with Surfaxin (KL(4)-surfactant) for acute respiratory distress syndrome.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Oct;160(4):1188-95 PMID: 10508806
  75. The role of nuclear factor-kappa B in cytokine gene regulation.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1997 Jul;17(1):3-9 PMID: 9224203
  76. Interleukin 8-related neutrophil elastase and the severity of the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
    Cytokine. 1995 Oct;7(7):746-52 PMID: 8580386
  77. The acute respiratory distress syndrome.
    N Engl J Med. 2000 May 4;342(18):1334-49 PMID: 10793167
  78. Protection from lethal apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by a caspase inhibitor.
    Am J Pathol. 2000 Aug;157(2):597-603 PMID: 10934162
  79. Alveolar neutrophil functions and cytokine levels in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome during nitric oxide inhalation.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Mar;153(3):985-90 PMID: 8630584
  80. The structure and function of surfactant protein-A.
    Chest. 1997 Jun;111(6 Suppl):114S-119S PMID: 9184556
  81. Islet cell DNA is a target of inflammatory attack by nitric oxide.
    Diabetes. 1993 Mar;42(3):496-500 PMID: 8432420
  82. Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor exerts endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine control of inflammatory responses.
    J Cell Biol. 1988 Oct;107(4):1269-77 PMID: 3049617
  83. Hemorrhage induces rapid in vivo activation of CREB and NF-kappaB in murine intraparenchymal lung mononuclear cells.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1997 Feb;16(2):145-52 PMID: 9032121
  84. Pretreatment with inhaled nitric oxide inhibits neutrophil migration and oxidative activity resulting in attenuated sepsis-induced acute lung injury.
    Crit Care Med. 1997 Apr;25(4):584-93 PMID: 9142021
  85. Hypertonic saline attenuates end-organ damage in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis.
    Br J Surg. 2000 Oct;87(10):1336-40 PMID: 11044157
  86. Protein kinase C-alpha modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced functions in a murine macrophage cell line.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 4;273(49):32787-92 PMID: 9830023
  87. Neutrophil deformability in patients with sepsis, septic shock, and adult respiratory distress syndrome.
    Crit Care Med. 2000 Jul;28(7):2355-9 PMID: 10921564
  88. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
    N Engl J Med. 2000 May 4;342(18):1301-8 PMID: 10793162
  89. The role of leukocyte emigration and IL-8 on the development of lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in rabbits.
    J Immunol. 1998 Nov 15;161(10):5704-9 PMID: 9820552
  90. Acute respiratory distress syndrome.
    Crit Care Clin. 1997 Jul;13(3):503-21 PMID: 9246528
  91. Plasma cytokine and endotoxin levels correlate with survival in patients with the sepsis syndrome.
    Ann Intern Med. 1993 Oct 15;119(8):771-8 PMID: 8379598
  92. Bovine surfactant therapy for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Apr;155(4):1309-15 PMID: 9105072
  93. The potential role of BAX and BCL-2 expression in diffuse alveolar damage.
    Am J Pathol. 1997 Oct;151(4):999-1007 PMID: 9327733
  94. Nitric oxide downregulates lung macrophage inflammatory cytokine production.
    Ann Thorac Surg. 1998 Aug;66(2):313-7 PMID: 9725362
  95. LPS induction of gene expression in human monocytes.
    Cell Signal. 2001 Feb;13(2):85-94 PMID: 11257452
  96. Complement activation and polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocyte elastase in sepsis. Correlation with severity of disease.
    Arch Surg. 1992 Oct;127(10):1219-24 PMID: 1417490
  97. Differentiation of murine macrophages to express nonspecific cytotoxicity for tumor cells results in L-arginine-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial iron-sulfur enzymes in the macrophage effector cells.
    J Immunol. 1988 Apr 15;140(8):2829-38 PMID: 2451695
  98. Endotoxin stimulates bronchial epithelial cells to release chemotactic factors for neutrophils. A potential mechanism for neutrophil recruitment, cytotoxicity, and inhibition of proliferation in bronchial inflammation.
    J Immunol. 1991 Dec 15;147(12):4293-301 PMID: 1753099
  99. High-dose corticosteroids in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
    N Engl J Med. 1987 Dec 17;317(25):1565-70 PMID: 3317054
  100. Impaired immunity and enhanced resistance to endotoxin in the absence of neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G.
    Immunity. 2000 Feb;12(2):201-10 PMID: 10714686
  101. Attenuation of pancreatitis-induced pulmonary injury by aerosolized hypertonic saline.
    Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2001 Fall;2(3):215-23; discussion 223-4 PMID: 12593711
  102. Apoptosis: a different type of cell death.
    FASEB J. 1992 Apr;6(7):2450-5 PMID: 1563596
  103. Nuclear factor-kappa B is activated in alveolar macrophages from patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
    Crit Care Med. 1996 Aug;24(8):1285-92 PMID: 8706481
  104. Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): current management, future directions.
    Cleve Clin J Med. 1997 Jul-Aug;64(7):365-72 PMID: 9223766
  105. Tumor necrosis factor is chemotactic for monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
    J Immunol. 1987 Mar 1;138(5):1469-74 PMID: 3805724
  106. Role of C5a in multiorgan failure during sepsis.
    J Immunol. 2001 Jan 15;166(2):1193-9 PMID: 11145701
  107. Surfactant downregulates synthesis of DNA and inflammatory mediators in normal human lung fibroblasts.
    Am J Physiol. 1996 Jan;270(1 Pt 1):L159-63 PMID: 8772539
  108. Apoptosis is a major pathway responsible for the resolution of type II pneumocytes in acute lung injury.
    Am J Pathol. 1996 Sep;149(3):845-52 PMID: 8780388
  109. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody fragment afelimomab in hyperinflammatory response during severe sepsis: The RAMSES Study.
    Crit Care Med. 2001 Apr;29(4):765-9 PMID: 11373466
  110. Role of gelatinase B and elastase in human polymorphonuclear neutrophil migration across basement membrane.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1996 Mar;14(3):288-95 PMID: 8845180
  111. Hydrophobic surfactant proteins in lung function and disease.
    N Engl J Med. 2002 Dec 26;347(26):2141-8 PMID: 12501227
  112. Activation of alveolar macrophages in lung injury associated with experimental acute pancreatitis is mediated by the liver.
    Ann Surg. 1999 Feb;229(2):230-6 PMID: 10024105
  113. A1-adenosine receptor antagonists block endotoxin-induced lung injury.
    Am J Physiol. 1997 Feb;272(2 Pt 1):L353-61 PMID: 9124387
  114. Acute effects of a single dose of porcine surfactant on patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome.
    Chest. 1994 Jan;105(1):195-202 PMID: 8031347
  115. Oxidants augment endotoxin-induced activation of alveolar macrophages.
    Shock. 1996 Sep;6(3):157-63 PMID: 8885079
  116. Lung injury in acute pancreatitis: mechanisms, prevention, and therapy.
    Curr Opin Crit Care. 2002 Apr;8(2):158-63 PMID: 12386518
  117. Aerosolized surfactant in adults with sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Exosurf Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Sepsis Study Group.
    N Engl J Med. 1996 May 30;334(22):1417-21 PMID: 8618579
  118. Tlr4: central component of the sole mammalian LPS sensor.
    Curr Opin Immunol. 2000 Feb;12(1):20-6 PMID: 10679411
  119. Cellular interactions in the multiple organ injury syndrome.
    Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Apr;135(4):952-3 PMID: 3565944
  120. Binding of bacterial peptidoglycan to CD14.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Apr 10;273(15):8680-90 PMID: 9535844
  121. SP-A enhances viral clearance and inhibits inflammation after pulmonary adenoviral infection.
    Am J Physiol. 1999 Sep;277(3 Pt 1):L580-8 PMID: 10484466
  122. Passive immunization against tumor necrosis factor-alpha impairs host defense during pneumococcal pneumonia in mice.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Feb;155(2):603-8 PMID: 9032201
  123. Fas expression in pulmonary alveolar type II cells.
    Am J Physiol. 1997 Jul;273(1 Pt 1):L64-71 PMID: 9252541
  124. Fas (CD95) induces alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis in vivo: implications for acute pulmonary inflammation.
    Am J Pathol. 2001 Jan;158(1):153-61 PMID: 11141488
  125. Biosynthesis of nitric oxide from L-arginine. A pathway for the regulation of cell function and communication.
    Biochem Pharmacol. 1989 Jun 1;38(11):1709-15 PMID: 2567594
  126. Lipid mediators in the pathophysiology of critical illness.
    Crit Care Med. 2000 Apr;28(4 Suppl):N27-36 PMID: 10807314
  127. Effects of lisofylline on hyperoxia-induced lung injury.
    Am J Physiol. 1999 May;276(5 Pt 1):L776-85 PMID: 10330034
  128. Activation of a cytosolic ADP-ribosyltransferase by nitric oxide-generating agents.
    J Biol Chem. 1989 May 25;264(15):8455-8 PMID: 2542278
  129. Pulmonary surfactant protein A modulates the cellular response to smooth and rough lipopolysaccharides by interaction with CD14.
    J Immunol. 1999 Jul 1;163(1):387-95 PMID: 10384140
  130. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mediates chemoattractant-stimulated, CD11b/CD18-dependent cell-cell adhesion of human neutrophils: evidence for an ERK-independent pathway.
    J Immunol. 1998 Feb 15;160(4):1901-9 PMID: 9469452
  131. Common and distinct intracellular signaling pathways in human neutrophils utilized by platelet activating factor and FMLP.
    J Clin Invest. 1997 Mar 1;99(5):975-86 PMID: 9062356
  132. Soluble Fas ligand induces epithelial cell apoptosis in humans with acute lung injury (ARDS).
    J Immunol. 1999 Aug 15;163(4):2217-25 PMID: 10438964
  133. Delayed neutrophil elastase inhibition prevents subsequent progression of acute lung injury induced by endotoxin inhalation in hamsters.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Jun;161(6):2013-8 PMID: 10852782
  134. Alveolar neutrophils in endotoxin-induced and bacteria-induced acute lung injury in rats.
    Am J Physiol. 1997 Jul;273(1 Pt 1):L104-12 PMID: 9252546
  135. Immunolocalization of tumour necrosis factor alpha in lung tissue from patients dying with adult respiratory distress syndrome.
    Histopathology. 1991 Nov;19(5):395-402 PMID: 1757078
  136. Cytokine profile and correlation to the APACHE III and MPM II scores in patients with sepsis.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Sep;156(3 Pt 1):825-32 PMID: 9310000
  137. Increased plasma levels of interleukin-6 in sepsis.
    Blood. 1989 Oct;74(5):1704-10 PMID: 2790194
  138. Mechanisms of lung neutrophil activation after hemorrhage or endotoxemia: roles of reactive oxygen intermediates, NF-kappa B, and cyclic AMP response element binding protein.
    J Immunol. 1999 Jul 15;163(2):954-62 PMID: 10395692
  139. Neutrophil apoptosis in the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Dec;156(6):1969-77 PMID: 9412582
  140. Inhibition of MAP kinase kinase prevents cytokine and prostaglandin E2 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes.
    J Immunol. 1998 Nov 15;161(10):5681-6 PMID: 9820549
  141. Early activation of pulmonary nuclear factor kappaB and nuclear factor interleukin-6 in polymicrobial sepsis.
    J Trauma. 1999 Apr;46(4):590-6 PMID: 10217220
  142. Three NF-kappa B sites in the I kappa B-alpha promoter are required for induction of gene expression by TNF alpha.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 Sep 11;22(18):3787-92 PMID: 7937093
  143. Effect of surfactant protein A (SP-A) on the production of cytokines by human pulmonary macrophages.
    Shock. 2000 Sep;14(3):300-6 PMID: 11028547
  144. The molecular pathogenesis of endotoxic shock and organ failure.
    Mol Med Today. 1999 Mar;5(3):123-32 PMID: 10203736
  145. A multicenter registry of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Physiology and outcome.
    Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Aug;146(2):419-26 PMID: 1489134
  146. Regulation of human alveolar macrophage inflammatory cytokine production by interleukin-10.
    Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1996 Sep;80(3 Pt 1):321-4 PMID: 8811054
  147. Acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease. Different syndromes?
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Jul;158(1):3-11 PMID: 9655699
  148. Lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-kappaB activation and cytokine release in human alveolar macrophages is PKC-independent and TK- and PC-PLC-dependent.
    Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1998 Mar;18(3):384-91 PMID: 9490656
  149. Current clinical options for the treatment and management of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
    J Trauma. 2000 Mar;48(3):562-72 PMID: 10744307
  150. Direct link between cytokine activity and a catalytic site for macrophage migration inhibitory factor.
    EMBO J. 1998 Jul 1;17(13):3534-41 PMID: 9649424
  151. In vivo antioxidant treatment suppresses nuclear factor-kappa B activation and neutrophilic lung inflammation.
    J Immunol. 1996 Aug 15;157(4):1630-7 PMID: 8759749
  152. Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity.
    Nat Immunol. 2001 Aug;2(8):675-80 PMID: 11477402
  153. Elevated plasma levels of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C4a are associated with a fatal outcome in sepsis.
    Am J Med. 1989 Jan;86(1):20-6 PMID: 2783358
  154. Interleukin 10 inhibits alveolar macrophage production of inflammatory mediators involved in adult respiratory distress syndrome.
    J Surg Res. 1998 Oct;79(2):179-84 PMID: 9758735
  155. Chemotactic peptide N-formyl-met-leu-phe activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and MAPK-activated protein kinase-2 in human neutrophils.
    J Biol Chem. 1997 Jan 10;272(2):937-44 PMID: 8995385
  156. Shock and tissue injury induced by recombinant human cachectin.
    Science. 1986 Oct 24;234(4775):470-4 PMID: 3764421
  157. NF-kappaB antiapoptosis: induction of TRAF1 and TRAF2 and c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 to suppress caspase-8 activation.
    Science. 1998 Sep 11;281(5383):1680-3 PMID: 9733516
  158. Patterns of cytokines, plasma endotoxin, plasminogen activator inhibitor, and acute-phase proteins during the treatment of severe sepsis in humans.
    Crit Care Med. 1992 Feb;20(2):185-92 PMID: 1371097
Article Info
Journal
World journal of surgery
Abbr.
World J Surg
ISSN
0364-2313
DOI
10.1007/s00268-003-7258-3
Published
2003-12-00
Epub
2003-00-28
Pages
1275-84
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
7704052
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1007/s00268-003-7258-3 View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2