The spatial distribution of exposed nuclear DNA in normal, cancer, and reverse-transformed cells.

The malignant CHO-K1 cell is reverse-transformed by cAMP, regaining the phenotype of a normal fibroblast. During this reaction, much of its DNA re-acquires sensitivity to hydrolysis by DNase I in a way characteristic of the normal fibroblast. Exposed DNA forms a rim about the nucleus in both the normal and reverse-transformed cell but not in the malignant CHO-K1. Reacquisition of the nuclear rim requires an organized cytoskeleton. Sequestered DNA forms families of different degrees of sequestration. In accordance with previous theoretical developments it is proposed that (i) genes specific to a given differentiation state are stored in the nuclear rim, whereas genes specific to other states are sequestered within the nucleus; (ii) only exposed genes are active, and their activity is modulated by regulatory molecules in the fluid medium; (iii) exposure and sequestration are regulated by cytoskeletal and nuclear protein structures; (iv) in at least several types of cancer the regulatory defect lies in the genome exposure process so that the specific DNA sequences and their associated growth regulatory loci have been transferred from the exposed to the sequestered condition with consequent loss of the nuclear rim of exposed DNA. The methodology described should be generally applicable to examining the accessibility state of subsets of DNA during various physiological modulations of cell function.