Monocyte transmigration induced by modification of low density lipoprotein in cocultures of human aortic wall cells is due to induction of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 synthesis and is abolished by high density lipoprotein.

Incubation of cocultures of human aortic endothelial (HAEC) and smooth muscle cells (HASMC) with LDL in the presence of 5-10% human serum resulted in a 7.2-fold induction of mRNA for monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), a 2.5-fold increase in the levels of MCP-1 protein in the coculture supernatants, and a 7.1-fold increase in the transmigration of monocytes into the subendothelial space of the cocultures. Monocyte migration was inhibited by 91% by antibody to MCP-1. Media collected from the cocultures that had been incubated with LDL induced target endothelial cells (EC) to bind monocyte but not neutrophil-like cells. Media collected from cocultures that had been incubated with LDL-induced monocyte migration into the subendothelial space of other cocultures that had not been exposed to LDL. In contrast, media from separate cultures of EC or smooth muscle cells (SMC) containing equal number of EC or SMC compared to coculture and incubated with the same LDL did not induce monocyte migration when incubated with the target cocultures. High density lipoprotein HDL, when presented to cocultures together with LDL, reduced the increased monocyte transmigration by 91%. Virtually all of the HDL-mediated inhibition was accounted for by the HDL2 subfraction. HDL3 was essentially without effect. Apolipoprotein AI was also ineffective in preventing monocyte transmigration while phosphatidylcholine liposomes were as effective as HDL2 suggesting that lipid components of HDL2 may have been responsible for its action. Preincubating LDL with beta-carotene or with alpha-tocopherol did not reduce monocyte migration. However, pretreatment of LDL with probucol or pretreatment of the cocultures with probucol, beta-carotene, or alpha-tocopherol before the addition of LDL prevented the LDL-induced monocyte transmigration. Addition of HDL or probucol to LDL after the exposure to cocultures did not prevent the modified LDL from inducing monocyte transmigration in fresh cocultures. We conclude that cocultures of human aortic cells can modify LDL even in the presence of serum, resulting in the induction of MCP-1, and that HDL and antioxidants prevent the LDL induced monocyte transmigration.