Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 19730746 Published · ppublish English Journal Article

Techniques to study autophagy in plants.

International journal of plant genomics ·Vol. 2009 ·2009-00-00 ·Pages 451357

Mitou G, Budak H, Gozuacik D

Abstract

Autophagy (or self eating), a cellular recycling mechanism, became the center of interest and subject of intensive research in recent years. Development of new molecular techniques allowed the study of this biological phenomenon in various model organisms ranging from yeast to plants and mammals. Accumulating data provide evidence that autophagy is involved in a spectrum of biological mechanisms including plant growth, development, response to stress, and defense against pathogens. In this review, we briefly summarize general and plant-related autophagy studies, and explain techniques commonly used to study autophagy. We also try to extrapolate how autophagy techniques used in other organisms may be adapted to plant studies.

Authors & Affiliations
3 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Mitou Géraldine
Sabanci University, Orhanli, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey.
Budak Hikmet
Gozuacik Devrim
References (150)
150 references, click to expand
  1. Apg1p, a novel protein kinase required for the autophagic process in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Gene. 1997 Jun 19;192(2):245-50 PMID: 9224897
  2. An autophagy-associated Atg8 protein is involved in the responses of Arabidopsis seedlings to hormonal controls and abiotic stresses.
    J Exp Bot. 2008;59(14):4029-43 PMID: 18836138
  3. Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor signalling induces autophagy in malignant glioma cells.
    Br J Cancer. 2004 Mar 8;90(5):1069-75 PMID: 14997209
  4. The dynamics of autophagy visualized in live cells: from autophagosome formation to fusion with endo/lysosomes.
    Autophagy. 2005 Apr;1(1):23-36 PMID: 16874023
  5. The APG8/12-activating enzyme APG7 is required for proper nutrient recycling and senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    J Biol Chem. 2002 Sep 6;277(36):33105-14 PMID: 12070171
  6. Human WIPI-1 puncta-formation: a novel assay to assess mammalian autophagy.
    FEBS Lett. 2007 Jul 24;581(18):3396-404 PMID: 17618624
  7. Functions of SNAREs in intracellular membrane fusion and lipid bilayer mixing.
    J Cell Sci. 2005 Sep 1;118(Pt 17):3819-28 PMID: 16129880
  8. Identification and characterization of two rice autophagy associated genes, OsAtg8 and OsAtg4.
    Mol Biol Rep. 2006 Dec;33(4):273-8 PMID: 17082902
  9. A "no-hybrids" screen for functional antagonizers of human p53 transactivator function: dominant negativity in fission yeast.
    Oncogene. 2001 Sep 20;20(42):6001-8 PMID: 11593407
  10. Target of rapamycin in yeast, TOR2, is an essential phosphatidylinositol kinase homolog required for G1 progression.
    Cell. 1993 May 7;73(3):585-96 PMID: 8387896
  11. High-throughput functional screening for autophagy-related genes and identification of TM9SF1 as an autophagosome-inducing gene.
    Autophagy. 2009 Jan;5(1):52-60 PMID: 19029833
  12. 3-methyladenine inhibits autophagy in tobacco culture cells under sucrose starvation conditions.
    Plant Cell Physiol. 2004 Mar;45(3):265-74 PMID: 15047874
  13. Arabidopsis ATG6 is required to limit the pathogen-associated cell death response.
    Autophagy. 2008 Jan;4(1):20-7 PMID: 17932459
  14. Tor-mediated induction of autophagy via an Apg1 protein kinase complex.
    J Cell Biol. 2000 Sep 18;150(6):1507-13 PMID: 10995454
  15. The Atg1-Atg13 complex regulates Atg9 and Atg23 retrieval transport from the pre-autophagosomal structure.
    Dev Cell. 2004 Jan;6(1):79-90 PMID: 14723849
  16. AtATG genes, homologs of yeast autophagy genes, are involved in constitutive autophagy in Arabidopsis root tip cells.
    Plant Cell Physiol. 2006 Dec;47(12):1641-52 PMID: 17085765
  17. In vitro reconstitution of plant Atg8 and Atg12 conjugation systems essential for autophagy.
    J Biol Chem. 2008 Jan 25;283(4):1921-8 PMID: 18039664
  18. Plant autophagy--more than a starvation response.
    Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2007 Dec;10(6):587-93 PMID: 17702643
  19. A role for intercellular antigen transfer in the recognition of EBV-transformed B cell lines by EBV nuclear antigen-specific CD4+ T cells.
    J Immunol. 2006 Sep 15;177(6):3746-56 PMID: 16951335
  20. Distinct classes of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinases are involved in signaling pathways that control macroautophagy in HT-29 cells.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Jan 14;275(2):992-8 PMID: 10625637
  21. The molecular characterization of transport vesicles.
    Plant Mol Biol. 1998 Sep;38(1-2):49-76 PMID: 9738960
  22. The molecular machinery of autophagy: unanswered questions.
    J Cell Sci. 2005 Jan 1;118(Pt 1):7-18 PMID: 15615779
  23. Leaf senescence and starvation-induced chlorosis are accelerated by the disruption of an Arabidopsis autophagy gene.
    Plant Physiol. 2002 Jul;129(3):1181-93 PMID: 12114572
  24. Autophagy as a cell death and tumor suppressor mechanism.
    Oncogene. 2004 Apr 12;23(16):2891-906 PMID: 15077152
  25. TOR signalling and control of cell growth.
    Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1997 Dec;9(6):782-7 PMID: 9425342
  26. Autophagy in Tobacco Suspension-Cultured Cells in Response to Sucrose Starvation.
    Plant Physiol. 1996 Aug;111(4):1233-1241 PMID: 12226358
  27. Chaperone-mediated autophagy in aging and disease.
    Curr Top Dev Biol. 2006;73:205-35 PMID: 16782460
  28. Cytoplasmic components in hepatic cell lysosomes.
    J Cell Biol. 1962 Jan;12:198-202 PMID: 13862833
  29. Mitochondria are selectively eliminated from eukaryotic cells after blockade of caspases during apoptosis.
    Curr Biol. 2001 Mar 6;11(5):361-5 PMID: 11267874
  30. Amino acids and insulin control autophagic proteolysis through different signaling pathways in relation to mTOR in isolated rat hepatocytes.
    J Biol Chem. 2004 Feb 27;279(9):8452-9 PMID: 14610086
  31. Mitophagy in yeast occurs through a selective mechanism.
    J Biol Chem. 2008 Nov 21;283(47):32386-93 PMID: 18818209
  32. GATE-16, a membrane transport modulator, interacts with NSF and the Golgi v-SNARE GOS-28.
    EMBO J. 2000 Apr 3;19(7):1494-504 PMID: 10747018
  33. p62 Is a common component of cytoplasmic inclusions in protein aggregation diseases.
    Am J Pathol. 2002 Jan;160(1):255-63 PMID: 11786419
  34. A role for caleosin in degradation of oil-body storage lipid during seed germination.
    Plant J. 2006 Sep;47(6):917-33 PMID: 16961733
  35. The ATG autophagic conjugation system in maize: ATG transcripts and abundance of the ATG8-lipid adduct are regulated by development and nutrient availability.
    Plant Physiol. 2009 Jan;149(1):220-34 PMID: 18790996
  36. Amino acid inhibition of the autophagic/lysosomal pathway of protein degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980 Jun 5;630(1):103-18 PMID: 7388042
  37. AtATG18a is required for the formation of autophagosomes during nutrient stress and senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Plant J. 2005 May;42(4):535-46 PMID: 15860012
  38. Ultrastructural characterization of the delimiting membranes of isolated autophagosomes and amphisomes by freeze-fracture electron microscopy.
    Eur J Cell Biol. 2000 Dec;79(12):871-82 PMID: 11152279
  39. Distinct roles of class I and class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases in phagosome formation and maturation.
    J Cell Biol. 2001 Oct 1;155(1):19-25 PMID: 11581283
  40. Two distinct Vps34 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complexes function in autophagy and carboxypeptidase Y sorting in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    J Cell Biol. 2001 Feb 5;152(3):519-30 PMID: 11157979
  41. Internalisation of cell-penetrating peptides into tobacco protoplasts.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 May 20;1669(2):101-7 PMID: 15893512
  42. Role of mitochondrial permeability transition pores in mitochondrial autophagy.
    Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 Dec;36(12):2463-72 PMID: 15325585
  43. A multispecificity syntaxin homologue, Vam3p, essential for autophagic and biosynthetic protein transport to the vacuole.
    J Cell Biol. 1997 Aug 11;138(3):517-29 PMID: 9245783
  44. Mobilization of rubisco and stroma-localized fluorescent proteins of chloroplasts to the vacuole by an ATG gene-dependent autophagic process.
    Plant Physiol. 2008 Sep;148(1):142-55 PMID: 18614709
  45. Temporal responses of transcripts, enzyme activities and metabolites after adding sucrose to carbon-deprived Arabidopsis seedlings.
    Plant J. 2007 Feb;49(3):463-91 PMID: 17217462
  46. A ubiquitin-like system mediates protein lipidation.
    Nature. 2000 Nov 23;408(6811):488-92 PMID: 11100732
  47. Tor, a phosphatidylinositol kinase homologue, controls autophagy in yeast.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Feb 13;273(7):3963-6 PMID: 9461583
  48. Autophagy activation by rapamycin eliminates mouse Mallory-Denk bodies and blocks their proteasome inhibitor-mediated formation.
    Hepatology. 2008 Jun;47(6):2026-35 PMID: 18454506
  49. To be or not to be? Examples of incorrect identification of autophagic compartments in conventional transmission electron microscopy of mammalian cells.
    Autophagy. 2008 Feb;4(2):257-60 PMID: 17986849
  50. Loss of Pten, a tumor suppressor, causes the strong inhibition of autophagy without affecting LC3 lipidation.
    Autophagy. 2008 Jul;4(5):692-700 PMID: 18424911
  51. Autophagic programmed cell death by selective catalase degradation.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Mar 28;103(13):4952-7 PMID: 16547133
  52. Evidence for a novel route of wheat storage proteins to vacuoles.
    J Cell Biol. 1992 Dec;119(5):1117-28 PMID: 1447291
  53. The TOR signalling pathway controls nuclear localization of nutrient-regulated transcription factors.
    Nature. 1999 Dec 9;402(6762):689-92 PMID: 10604478
  54. The mitochondrion--an organelle commonly involved in programmed cell death in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Plant J. 2004 Nov;40(4):596-610 PMID: 15500474
  55. LC3, an autophagosome marker, can be incorporated into protein aggregates independent of autophagy: caution in the interpretation of LC3 localization.
    Autophagy. 2007 Jul-Aug;3(4):323-8 PMID: 17387262
  56. Autophagy-independent incorporation of GFP-LC3 into protein aggregates is dependent on its interaction with p62/SQSTM1.
    Autophagy. 2008 Nov;4(8):1054-6 PMID: 18776740
  57. The N-terminus and Phe52 residue of LC3 recruit p62/SQSTM1 into autophagosomes.
    J Cell Sci. 2008 Aug 15;121(Pt 16):2685-95 PMID: 18653543
  58. Biochemical changes during sucrose deprivation in higher plant cells.
    J Biol Chem. 1986 Mar 5;261(7):3193-9 PMID: 3005285
  59. Chloroplasts are partially mobilized to the vacuole by autophagy.
    Autophagy. 2008 Oct;4(7):961-2 PMID: 18769108
  60. Autophagy in development and stress responses of plants.
    Autophagy. 2006 Jan-Mar;2(1):2-11 PMID: 16874030
  61. Induction of a carbon-starvation-related proteolysis in whole maize plants submitted to Light/Dark cycles and to extended darkness
    Plant Physiol. 1998 Aug;117(4):1281-91 PMID: 9701583
  62. A protein conjugation system essential for autophagy.
    Nature. 1998 Sep 24;395(6700):395-8 PMID: 9759731
  63. Hypoxia-activated autophagy accelerates degradation of SQSTM1/p62.
    Oncogene. 2009 Jan 22;28(3):334-44 PMID: 18931699
  64. Visualization of autophagy in Arabidopsis using the fluorescent dye monodansylcadaverine and a GFP-AtATG8e fusion protein.
    Plant J. 2005 May;42(4):598-608 PMID: 15860017
  65. A novel response of cancer cells to radiation involves autophagy and formation of acidic vesicles.
    Cancer Res. 2001 Jan 15;61(2):439-44 PMID: 11212227
  66. Listeria monocytogenes evades killing by autophagy during colonization of host cells.
    Autophagy. 2007 Sep-Oct;3(5):442-51 PMID: 17568179
  67. [ATG genes and macroautophagy].
    Med Sci (Paris). 2004 Aug-Sep;20(8-9):734-6 PMID: 15361333
  68. Apg10p, a novel protein-conjugating enzyme essential for autophagy in yeast.
    EMBO J. 1999 Oct 1;18(19):5234-41 PMID: 10508157
  69. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes.
    Autophagy. 2008 Feb;4(2):151-75 PMID: 18188003
  70. A molecular and structural characterization of senescing Arabidopsis siliques and comparison of transcriptional profiles with senescing petals and leaves.
    Plant J. 2009 Feb;57(4):690-705 PMID: 18980641
  71. Autophagy regulated by day length determines the number of fertile florets in wheat.
    Plant J. 2008 Sep;55(6):1010-24 PMID: 18547393
  72. Arabidopsis homologues of the autophagy protein Atg8 are a novel family of microtubule binding proteins.
    FEBS Lett. 2004 Jun 4;567(2-3):302-6 PMID: 15178341
  73. Implications of 15N-metabolic labeling for automated peptide identification in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Proteomics. 2007 Apr;7(8):1279-92 PMID: 17443642
  74. WIPI-1alpha (WIPI49), a member of the novel 7-bladed WIPI protein family, is aberrantly expressed in human cancer and is linked to starvation-induced autophagy.
    Oncogene. 2004 Dec 16;23(58):9314-25 PMID: 15602573
  75. Protein bodies of mung bean cotyledons as autophagic organelles.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jan;77(1):428-32 PMID: 16592758
  76. Pexophagy: the selective autophagy of peroxisomes.
    Autophagy. 2005 Jul;1(2):75-83 PMID: 16874024
  77. Autophagy in yeast: mechanistic insights and physiological function.
    Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2001 Sep;65(3):463-79, table of contents PMID: 11528006
  78. Autophagy is a defense mechanism inhibiting BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in infected macrophages.
    Cell. 2004 Dec 17;119(6):753-66 PMID: 15607973
  79. Use of digitonin extraction to distinguish between autophagic-lysosomal sequestration and mitochondrial uptake of [14C]sucrose in hepatocytes.
    Biochem J. 1985 Dec 15;232(3):773-80 PMID: 4091820
  80. Stable isotope labeling of Arabidopsis thaliana cells and quantitative proteomics by mass spectrometry.
    Mol Cell Proteomics. 2005 Nov;4(11):1697-709 PMID: 16088002
  81. Cotyledon cells of Vigna mungo seedlings use at least two distinct autophagic machineries for degradation of starch granules and cellular components.
    J Cell Biol. 2001 Sep 3;154(5):973-82 PMID: 11524437
  82. Metabolic labeling of plant cell cultures with K(15)NO3 as a tool for quantitative analysis of proteins and metabolites.
    Plant Methods. 2006 Sep 04;2:14 PMID: 16948866
  83. Quantitation of autophagy by luciferase release assay.
    Autophagy. 2008 Aug;4(6):801-6 PMID: 18641457
  84. Transcriptome profiling of the response of Arabidopsis suspension culture cells to Suc starvation.
    Plant Physiol. 2004 Aug;135(4):2330-47 PMID: 15310832
  85. A unified nomenclature for yeast autophagy-related genes.
    Dev Cell. 2003 Oct;5(4):539-45 PMID: 14536056
  86. Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins inhibit Beclin 1-dependent autophagy.
    Cell. 2005 Sep 23;122(6):927-39 PMID: 16179260
  87. Autophagy and plant innate immunity.
    Cell Microbiol. 2006 Jun;8(6):899-906 PMID: 16681833
  88. Sequestration and hydrolysis of electroinjected [14C]lactose as a means of investigating autophagosome-lysosome fusion in isolated rat hepatocytes.
    Prog Clin Biol Res. 1985;180:475-7 PMID: 4034554
  89. Major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted presentation of a cytosolic antigen by autophagy.
    Eur J Immunol. 2003 May;33(5):1250-9 PMID: 12731050
  90. p62/SQSTM1 binds directly to Atg8/LC3 to facilitate degradation of ubiquitinated protein aggregates by autophagy.
    J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 17;282(33):24131-45 PMID: 17580304
  91. Selective degradation of mitochondria by mitophagy.
    Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007 Jun 15;462(2):245-53 PMID: 17475204
  92. Quantitative immunoelectron microscopy: alternative ways of assessing subcellular patterns of gold labeling.
    Methods Mol Biol. 2007;369:309-29 PMID: 17656757
  93. The amino acid sensitive TOR pathway from yeast to mammals.
    FEBS Lett. 2006 May 22;580(12):2821-9 PMID: 16684541
  94. Methods for monitoring autophagy.
    Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004 Dec;36(12):2491-502 PMID: 15325587
  95. p62/SQSTM1 forms protein aggregates degraded by autophagy and has a protective effect on huntingtin-induced cell death.
    J Cell Biol. 2005 Nov 21;171(4):603-14 PMID: 16286508
  96. How to interpret LC3 immunoblotting.
    Autophagy. 2007 Nov-Dec;3(6):542-5 PMID: 17611390
  97. A novel type of autophagy occurs together with vacuole genesis in miniprotoplasts prepared from tobacco culture cells.
    Autophagy. 2007 May-Jun;3(3):215-21 PMID: 17224627
  98. Disposal of chloroplasts with abnormal function into the vacuole in Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledon cells.
    Protoplasma. 2004 Jun;223(2-4):229-32 PMID: 15221529
  99. ATG1, an autophagy regulator, inhibits cell growth by negatively regulating S6 kinase.
    EMBO Rep. 2007 Apr;8(4):360-5 PMID: 17347671
  100. Apg16p is required for the function of the Apg12p-Apg5p conjugate in the yeast autophagy pathway.
    EMBO J. 1999 Jul 15;18(14):3888-96 PMID: 10406794
  101. FIP200, a ULK-interacting protein, is required for autophagosome formation in mammalian cells.
    J Cell Biol. 2008 May 5;181(3):497-510 PMID: 18443221
  102. A novel assay to study autophagy: regulation of autophagosome vacuole size by amino acid deprivation.
    J Cell Sci. 2001 Oct;114(Pt 20):3619-29 PMID: 11707514
  103. The crystal structure of plant ATG12 and its biological implication in autophagy.
    Autophagy. 2005 Jul;1(2):119-26 PMID: 16874047
  104. An Arabidopsis homolog of yeast ATG6/VPS30 is essential for pollen germination.
    Plant Physiol. 2007 Mar;143(3):1132-9 PMID: 17259285
  105. Autophagic recycling: lessons from yeast help define the process in plants.
    Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2005 Apr;8(2):165-73 PMID: 15752997
  106. Beclin 1, an autophagy gene essential for early embryonic development, is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Dec 9;100(25):15077-82 PMID: 14657337
  107. Regulation of microautophagy and basal protein turnover in rat liver. Effects of short-term starvation.
    J Biol Chem. 1988 Feb 15;263(5):2506-12 PMID: 3257493
  108. 3-Methyladenine: specific inhibitor of autophagic/lysosomal protein degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Mar;79(6):1889-92 PMID: 6952238
  109. Disruption of autophagy results in constitutive oxidative stress in Arabidopsis.
    Autophagy. 2007 May-Jun;3(3):257-8 PMID: 17312382
  110. Utilizing flow cytometry to monitor autophagy in living mammalian cells.
    Autophagy. 2008 Jul;4(5):621-8 PMID: 18376137
  111. Multiphasic control of proteolysis by leucine and alanine in the isolated rat hepatocyte.
    Am J Physiol. 1994 Feb;266(2 Pt 1):C455-61 PMID: 8141260
  112. Autophagy and cell death.
    Curr Top Dev Biol. 2007;78:217-45 PMID: 17338918
  113. Protein aggregates are transported to vacuoles by a macroautophagic mechanism in nutrient-starved plant cells.
    Autophagy. 2006 Apr-Jun;2(2):96-106 PMID: 16874101
  114. Identification of a carboxylesterase expressed in protoplasts using fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
    Plant Biotechnol J. 2007 Mar;5(2):354-9 PMID: 17309689
  115. Saccharomyces cerevisiae FKBP12 binds Arabidopsis thaliana TOR and its expression in plants leads to rapamycin susceptibility.
    BMC Plant Biol. 2007 Jun 01;7:26 PMID: 17543119
  116. Trafficking of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate from the trans-Golgi network to the lumen of the central vacuole in plant cells.
    Plant Cell. 2001 Feb;13(2):287-301 PMID: 11226186
  117. Autophagosome formation: core machinery and adaptations.
    Nat Cell Biol. 2007 Oct;9(10):1102-9 PMID: 17909521
  118. Alpha tonoplast intrinsic protein is specifically associated with vacuole membrane involved in an autophagic process.
    Plant Cell Physiol. 2003 Aug;44(8):795-802 PMID: 12941871
  119. Ultrastructural and biochemical characterization of autophagy in higher plant cells subjected to carbon deprivation: control by the supply of mitochondria with respiratory substrates.
    J Cell Biol. 1996 Jun;133(6):1251-63 PMID: 8682862
  120. Kinase-inactivated ULK proteins inhibit autophagy via their conserved C-terminal domains using an Atg13-independent mechanism.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2009 Jan;29(1):157-71 PMID: 18936157
  121. Processing of ATG8s, ubiquitin-like proteins, and their deconjugation by ATG4s are essential for plant autophagy.
    Plant Cell. 2004 Nov;16(11):2967-83 PMID: 15494556
  122. The pre-autophagosomal structure organized by concerted functions of APG genes is essential for autophagosome formation.
    EMBO J. 2001 Nov 1;20(21):5971-81 PMID: 11689437
  123. Cytochemical studies on GERL, provacuoles, and vacuoles in root meristematic cells of Euphorbia.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Feb;75(2):852-6 PMID: 16592499
  124. Plant vacuoles
    Plant Cell. 1999 Apr;11(4):587-600 PMID: 10213780
  125. Expression of alpha-amylases, carbohydrate metabolism, and autophagy in cultured rice cells is coordinately regulated by sugar nutrient.
    Plant J. 1994 Nov;6(5):625-36 PMID: 8000424
  126. Transcription analysis of arabidopsis membrane transporters and hormone pathways during developmental and induced leaf senescence.
    Plant Physiol. 2006 Jun;141(2):776-92 PMID: 16603661
  127. Mouse Apg16L, a novel WD-repeat protein, targets to the autophagic isolation membrane with the Apg12-Apg5 conjugate.
    J Cell Sci. 2003 May 1;116(Pt 9):1679-88 PMID: 12665549
  128. Transcriptional profiling shows that Gcn4p is a master regulator of gene expression during amino acid starvation in yeast.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Jul;21(13):4347-68 PMID: 11390663
  129. The ATG12-conjugating enzyme ATG10 Is essential for autophagic vesicle formation in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Genetics. 2008 Mar;178(3):1339-53 PMID: 18245858
  130. Process for the integrated extraction, identification and quantification of metabolites, proteins and RNA to reveal their co-regulation in biochemical networks.
    Proteomics. 2004 Jan;4(1):78-83 PMID: 14730673
  131. Leupeptin-induced appearance of partial fragment of betaine homocysteine methyltransferase during autophagic maturation in rat hepatocytes.
    J Biochem. 2001 Feb;129(2):313-20 PMID: 11173534
  132. Monodansylcadaverine (MDC) is a specific in vivo marker for autophagic vacuoles.
    Eur J Cell Biol. 1995 Jan;66(1):3-14 PMID: 7750517
  133. LC3, a mammalian homologue of yeast Apg8p, is localized in autophagosome membranes after processing.
    EMBO J. 2000 Nov 1;19(21):5720-8 PMID: 11060023
  134. Two Beclin 1-binding proteins, Atg14L and Rubicon, reciprocally regulate autophagy at different stages.
    Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Apr;11(4):385-96 PMID: 19270696
  135. Autophagy protein 6 (ATG6) is required for pollen germination in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Autophagy. 2008 Apr;4(3):339-48 PMID: 18227644
  136. Dissection of autophagosome formation using Apg5-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells.
    J Cell Biol. 2001 Feb 19;152(4):657-68 PMID: 11266458
  137. Apg7p/Cvt2p: A novel protein-activating enzyme essential for autophagy.
    Mol Biol Cell. 1999 May;10(5):1367-79 PMID: 10233150
  138. Many ways to exit? Cell death categories in plants.
    Trends Plant Sci. 2005 Mar;10(3):117-22 PMID: 15749469
  139. Function of the Dictyostelium discoideum Atg1 kinase during autophagy and development.
    Eukaryot Cell. 2006 Oct;5(10):1797-806 PMID: 17031001
  140. Controlled cell death, plant survival and development.
    Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Apr;5(4):305-15 PMID: 15071555
  141. LC3-I conversion to LC3-II does not necessarily result in complete autophagy.
    Int J Mol Med. 2008 Dec;22(6):781-5 PMID: 19020776
  142. Degradation of oxidized proteins by autophagy during oxidative stress in Arabidopsis.
    Plant Physiol. 2007 Jan;143(1):291-9 PMID: 17098847
  143. Autophagy regulates programmed cell death during the plant innate immune response.
    Cell. 2005 May 20;121(4):567-577 PMID: 15907470
  144. The role of TOR in autophagy regulation from yeast to plants and mammals.
    Autophagy. 2008 Oct;4(7):851-65 PMID: 18670193
  145. Autophagic nutrient recycling in Arabidopsis directed by the ATG8 and ATG12 conjugation pathways.
    Plant Physiol. 2005 Aug;138(4):2097-110 PMID: 16040659
  146. Starvation-induced expression of autophagy-related genes in Arabidopsis.
    Biol Cell. 2006 Jan;98(1):53-67 PMID: 16354162
  147. The autophagy-associated Atg8 gene family operates both under favourable growth conditions and under starvation stresses in Arabidopsis plants.
    J Exp Bot. 2005 Nov;56(421):2839-49 PMID: 16157655
  148. Ultrastructural evidence for a dual function of the phloem and programmed cell death in the floral nectary of Digitalis purpurea.
    Ann Bot. 2007 Apr;99(4):593-607 PMID: 17298988
  149. Autophagy: from phenomenology to molecular understanding in less than a decade.
    Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Nov;8(11):931-7 PMID: 17712358
  150. Chemical genetic analysis of Apg1 reveals a non-kinase role in the induction of autophagy.
    Mol Biol Cell. 2003 Feb;14(2):477-90 PMID: 12589048
Article Info
Journal
International journal of plant genomics
Abbr.
Int J Plant Genomics
ISSN
1687-5370
Published
2009-00-00
Epub
2009-00-27
Pages
451357
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
101307648
PMCID
PMC2734941
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]