Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 22392217 Published · epublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

Regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA decay.

Nature reviews. Genetics ·Vol. 13 ·No. 4 ·2012-03-06 ·Pages 246-59

Schoenberg DR, Maquat LE

Abstract

Discoveries made over the past 20 years highlight the importance of mRNA decay as a means of modulating gene expression and thereby protein production. Up until recently, studies largely focused on identifying cis-acting sequences that serve as mRNA stability or instability elements, the proteins that bind these elements, how the process of translation influences mRNA decay and the ribonucleases that catalyse decay. Now, current studies have begun to elucidate how the decay process is regulated. This Review examines our current understanding of how mammalian cell mRNA decay is controlled by different signalling pathways and lays out a framework for future research.

MeSH Terms
Active Transport, Cell Nucleus Animals Cytoplasm/genetics,metabolism Histones/genetics,metabolism Mammals/genetics Organ Specificity Phosphorylation Protein Biosynthesis RNA Stability Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism Signal Transduction
Chemicals
Histones Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Schoenberg Daniel R
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. [email protected]
Maquat Lynne E
References (119)
119 references, click to expand
  1. Relief of microRNA-mediated translational repression in human cells subjected to stress.
    Cell. 2006 Jun 16;125(6):1111-24 PMID: 16777601
  2. UPF1 association with the cap-binding protein, CBP80, promotes nonsense-mediated mRNA decay at two distinct steps.
    Mol Cell. 2010 Aug 13;39(3):396-409 PMID: 20691628
  3. Binding of a novel SMG-1-Upf1-eRF1-eRF3 complex (SURF) to the exon junction complex triggers Upf1 phosphorylation and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.
    Genes Dev. 2006 Feb 1;20(3):355-67 PMID: 16452507
  4. Identification of a microRNA that activates gene expression by repressing nonsense-mediated RNA decay.
    Mol Cell. 2011 May 20;42(4):500-10 PMID: 21596314
  5. The endoribonuclease activity of mammalian IRE1 autoregulates its mRNA and is required for the unfolded protein response.
    Genes Dev. 2000 Nov 1;14(21):2725-36 PMID: 11069889
  6. Destabilization of interleukin-6 mRNA requires a putative RNA stem-loop structure, an AU-rich element, and the RNA-binding protein AUF1.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Nov;26(22):8228-41 PMID: 16954375
  7. Phosphorylation of tristetraprolin by MK2 impairs AU-rich element mRNA decay by preventing deadenylase recruitment.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Jan;31(2):256-66 PMID: 21078877
  8. Regulation of A + U-rich element-directed mRNA turnover involving reversible phosphorylation of AUF1.
    J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 29;278(35):33029-38 PMID: 12819195
  9. Integrative regulatory mapping indicates that the RNA-binding protein HuR couples pre-mRNA processing and mRNA stability.
    Mol Cell. 2011 Aug 5;43(3):327-39 PMID: 21723170
  10. Regulated Ire1-dependent decay of messenger RNAs in mammalian cells.
    J Cell Biol. 2009 Aug 10;186(3):323-31 PMID: 19651891
  11. CKI isoforms α and ε regulate Star-PAP target messages by controlling Star-PAP poly(A) polymerase activity and phosphoinositide stimulation.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Oct;39(18):7961-73 PMID: 21729869
  12. Interleukin-1-inducible MCPIP protein has structural and functional properties of RNase and participates in degradation of IL-1beta mRNA.
    FEBS J. 2009 Dec;276(24):7386-99 PMID: 19909337
  13. p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase- and HuR-dependent stabilization of p21(Cip1) mRNA mediates the G(1)/S checkpoint.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2009 Aug;29(16):4341-51 PMID: 19528229
  14. Autoregulation of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway in human cells.
    RNA. 2011 Dec;17(12):2108-18 PMID: 22028362
  15. Endonuclease-mediated mRNA decay requires tyrosine phosphorylation of polysomal ribonuclease 1 (PMR1) for the targeting and degradation of polyribosome-bound substrate mRNA.
    J Biol Chem. 2004 Nov 19;279(47):48993-9002 PMID: 15375158
  16. IRE1alpha kinase activation modes control alternate endoribonuclease outputs to determine divergent cell fates.
    Cell. 2009 Aug 7;138(3):562-75 PMID: 19665977
  17. MAPKAP kinase 2 blocks tristetraprolin-directed mRNA decay by inhibiting CAF1 deadenylase recruitment.
    J Biol Chem. 2010 Sep 3;285(36):27590-600 PMID: 20595389
  18. Networks controlling mRNA decay in the immune system.
    Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2010 Nov-Dec;1(3):432-56 PMID: 21956941
  19. SMG6 is the catalytic endonuclease that cleaves mRNAs containing nonsense codons in metazoan.
    RNA. 2008 Dec;14(12):2609-17 PMID: 18974281
  20. p38-dependent phosphorylation of the mRNA decay-promoting factor KSRP controls the stability of select myogenic transcripts.
    Mol Cell. 2005 Dec 22;20(6):891-903 PMID: 16364914
  21. RNA granules: post-transcriptional and epigenetic modulators of gene expression.
    Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2009 Jun;10(6):430-6 PMID: 19461665
  22. microRNA/Argonaute 2 regulates nonsense-mediated messenger RNA decay.
    EMBO Rep. 2010 May;11(5):380-6 PMID: 20395958
  23. Posttranslational modification of the AU-rich element binding protein HuR by protein kinase Cdelta elicits angiotensin II-induced stabilization and nuclear export of cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Apr;28(8):2608-25 PMID: 18285462
  24. Nuclear HuR accumulation through phosphorylation by Cdk1.
    Genes Dev. 2008 Jul 1;22(13):1804-15 PMID: 18593881
  25. Mammalian Staufen1 recruits Upf1 to specific mRNA 3'UTRs so as to elicit mRNA decay.
    Cell. 2005 Jan 28;120(2):195-208 PMID: 15680326
  26. Upf1 ATPase-dependent mRNP disassembly is required for completion of nonsense- mediated mRNA decay.
    Cell. 2010 Dec 10;143(6):938-50 PMID: 21145460
  27. Coordinate regulation of histone mRNA metabolism and DNA replication: cyclin A/cdk1 is involved in inactivation of histone mRNA metabolism and DNA replication at the end of S phase.
    Cell Cycle. 2010 Oct 1;9(19):3857-63 PMID: 20935461
  28. Posttranslational regulation of tristetraprolin subcellular localization and protein stability by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Mar;26(6):2408-18 PMID: 16508015
  29. Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 controls the expression and posttranslational modification of tristetraprolin, a regulator of tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA stability.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Oct;21(19):6461-9 PMID: 11533235
  30. Cutting the nonsense: the degradation of PTC-containing mRNAs.
    Biochem Soc Trans. 2010 Dec;38(6):1615-20 PMID: 21118136
  31. N- and C-terminal Upf1 phosphorylations create binding platforms for SMG-6 and SMG-5:SMG-7 during NMD.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2012 Feb;40(3):1251-66 PMID: 21965535
  32. Hypoxic inhibition of nonsense-mediated RNA decay regulates gene expression and the integrated stress response.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Jun;28(11):3729-41 PMID: 18362164
  33. Regulation of CUG-binding protein 1 (CUGBP1) binding to target transcripts upon T cell activation.
    J Biol Chem. 2012 Jan 6;287(2):950-60 PMID: 22117072
  34. Turnover of AU-rich-containing mRNAs during stress: a matter of survival.
    Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2011 May-Jun;2(3):336-47 PMID: 21957021
  35. A+U-rich instability elements differentially activate 5'-3' and 3'-5' mRNA decay.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Apr;27(8):2791-9 PMID: 17296726
  36. A "liaison dangereuse" between AUF1/hnRNPD and the oncogenic tyrosine kinase NPM-ALK.
    Blood. 2006 Oct 15;108(8):2780-8 PMID: 16835382
  37. Mutations in UPF3B, a member of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay complex, cause syndromic and nonsyndromic mental retardation.
    Nat Genet. 2007 Sep;39(9):1127-33 PMID: 17704778
  38. Inhibition of nonsense-mediated RNA decay by the tumor microenvironment promotes tumorigenesis.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Sep;31(17):3670-80 PMID: 21730287
  39. Efficiency of the pioneer round of translation affects the cellular site of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.
    Mol Cell. 2008 Feb 1;29(2):255-62 PMID: 18243119
  40. Dexamethasone destabilizes cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase p38.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2001 Feb;21(3):771-80 PMID: 11154265
  41. Exon junction complex enhances translation of spliced mRNAs at multiple steps.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Jul 3;384(3):334-40 PMID: 19409878
  42. SMG-8 and SMG-9, two novel subunits of the SMG-1 complex, regulate remodeling of the mRNA surveillance complex during nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.
    Genes Dev. 2009 May 1;23(9):1091-105 PMID: 19417104
  43. Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 regulates tumor necrosis factor mRNA stability and translation mainly by altering tristetraprolin expression, stability, and binding to adenine/uridine-rich element.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Mar;26(6):2399-407 PMID: 16508014
  44. SMG6 promotes endonucleolytic cleavage of nonsense mRNA in human cells.
    Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2009 Jan;16(1):49-55 PMID: 19060897
  45. The importance of CELF control: molecular and biological roles of the CUG-BP, Elav-like family of RNA-binding proteins.
    Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2012 Jan-Feb;3(1):104-21 PMID: 22180311
  46. The RNA-binding protein CUGBP1 regulates stability of tumor necrosis factor mRNA in muscle cells: implications for myotonic dystrophy.
    J Biol Chem. 2008 Aug 15;283(33):22457-63 PMID: 18559347
  47. MKP-1 regulates cytokine mRNA stability through selectively modulation subcellular translocation of AUF1.
    Cytokine. 2011 Nov;56(2):245-55 PMID: 21733716
  48. Zc3h12a is an RNase essential for controlling immune responses by regulating mRNA decay.
    Nature. 2009 Apr 30;458(7242):1185-90 PMID: 19322177
  49. SKAR is a specific target of S6 kinase 1 in cell growth control.
    Curr Biol. 2004 Sep 7;14(17):1540-9 PMID: 15341740
  50. The roles of TTP and BRF proteins in regulated mRNA decay.
    Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2011 Jan-Feb;2(1):42-57 PMID: 21278925
  51. Functional analysis of KSRP interaction with the AU-rich element of interleukin-8 and identification of inflammatory mRNA targets.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Dec;27(23):8388-400 PMID: 17908789
  52. MK2-induced tristetraprolin:14-3-3 complexes prevent stress granule association and ARE-mRNA decay.
    EMBO J. 2004 Mar 24;23(6):1313-24 PMID: 15014438
  53. Tristetraprolin (TTP)-14-3-3 complex formation protects TTP from dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase 2a and stabilizes tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA.
    J Biol Chem. 2007 Feb 9;282(6):3766-77 PMID: 17170118
  54. Association of the von Hippel-Lindau protein with AUF1 and posttranscriptional regulation of VEGFA mRNA.
    Mol Cancer Res. 2012 Jan;10(1):108-20 PMID: 22086907
  55. Control of mRNA decay by phosphorylation of tristetraprolin.
    Biochem Soc Trans. 2008 Jun;36(Pt 3):491-6 PMID: 18481987
  56. Computational analysis of 3'-ends of ESTs shows four classes of alternative polyadenylation in human, mouse, and rat.
    Genome Res. 2005 Mar;15(3):369-75 PMID: 15741508
  57. Coordinate regulation of mRNA decay networks by GU-rich elements and CELF1.
    Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2011 Aug;21(4):444-51 PMID: 21497082
  58. The efficiency of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay is an inherent character and varies among different cells.
    Eur J Hum Genet. 2007 Nov;15(11):1156-62 PMID: 17625509
  59. The pioneer round of translation: features and functions.
    Cell. 2010 Aug 6;142(3):368-74 PMID: 20691898
  60. c-Src activates endonuclease-mediated mRNA decay.
    Mol Cell. 2007 Mar 9;25(5):779-87 PMID: 17349962
  61. Failsafe nonsense-mediated mRNA decay does not detectably target eIF4E-bound mRNA.
    Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2007 Oct;14(10):974-9 PMID: 17873884
  62. The splicing factor SF2/ASF regulates translation initiation by enhancing phosphorylation of 4E-BP1.
    Mol Cell. 2008 Apr 25;30(2):179-89 PMID: 18439897
  63. Concerted action of poly(A) nucleases and decapping enzyme in mammalian mRNA turnover.
    Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2005 Dec;12(12):1054-63 PMID: 16284618
  64. Regulated degradation of replication-dependent histone mRNAs requires both ATR and Upf1.
    Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2005 Sep;12(9):794-800 PMID: 16086026
  65. The role of AUF1 in regulated mRNA decay.
    Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2010 Nov-Dec;1(3):457-73 PMID: 21956942
  66. Pre-mRNA processing reaches back to transcription and ahead to translation.
    Cell. 2009 Feb 20;136(4):688-700 PMID: 19239889
  67. AU-rich elements: characterization and importance in mRNA degradation.
    Trends Biochem Sci. 1995 Nov;20(11):465-70 PMID: 8578590
  68. Glucocorticoids regulate tristetraprolin synthesis and posttranscriptionally regulate tumor necrosis factor alpha inflammatory signaling.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Dec;26(23):9126-35 PMID: 16982682
  69. Recruitment and activation of mRNA decay enzymes by two ARE-mediated decay activation domains in the proteins TTP and BRF-1.
    Genes Dev. 2005 Feb 1;19(3):351-61 PMID: 15687258
  70. A ceRNA hypothesis: the Rosetta Stone of a hidden RNA language?
    Cell. 2011 Aug 5;146(3):353-8 PMID: 21802130
  71. A large-scale analysis of mRNA polyadenylation of human and mouse genes.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2005 Jan 12;33(1):201-12 PMID: 15647503
  72. mTORC1 signaling under hypoxic conditions is controlled by ATM-dependent phosphorylation of HIF-1α.
    Mol Cell. 2010 Nov 24;40(4):509-20 PMID: 21095582
  73. Posttranscriptional gene regulation by spatial rearrangement of the 3' untranslated region.
    PLoS Biol. 2008 Apr 29;6(4):e92 PMID: 18447580
  74. Endonuclease-mediated mRNA decay involves the selective targeting of PMR1 to polyribosome-bound substrate mRNA.
    Mol Cell. 2004 May 21;14(4):435-45 PMID: 15149593
  75. Phosphorylation of stem-loop binding protein (SLBP) on two threonines triggers degradation of SLBP, the sole cell cycle-regulated factor required for regulation of histone mRNA processing, at the end of S phase.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Mar;23(5):1590-601 PMID: 12588979
  76. Diverse endonucleolytic cleavage sites in the mammalian transcriptome depend upon microRNAs, Drosha, and additional nucleases.
    Mol Cell. 2010 Jun 25;38(6):781-8 PMID: 20620951
  77. Protein kinase C alpha-dependent phosphorylation of the mRNA-stabilizing factor HuR: implications for posttranscriptional regulation of cyclooxygenase-2.
    Mol Biol Cell. 2007 Jun;18(6):2137-48 PMID: 17392515
  78. The AU-rich element mRNA decay-promoting activity of BRF1 is regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2.
    RNA. 2008 May;14(5):950-9 PMID: 18326031
  79. RNA decay modulates gene expression and controls its fidelity.
    Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2010 Nov-Dec;1(3):351-61 PMID: 21132108
  80. CBP80 promotes interaction of Upf1 with Upf2 during nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in mammalian cells.
    Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2005 Oct;12(10):893-901 PMID: 16186820
  81. Functionalized STAT1 siRNA nanoparticles regress rheumatoid arthritis in a mouse model.
    Nanomedicine (Lond). 2011 Dec;6(10):1669-82 PMID: 22087799
  82. The cytoskeleton-associated Ena/VASP proteins are unanticipated partners of the PMR1 mRNA endonuclease.
    RNA. 2009 Apr;15(4):576-87 PMID: 19223443
  83. Casein kinase 2 regulates the mRNA-destabilizing activity of tristetraprolin.
    J Biol Chem. 2011 Jun 17;286(24):21577-87 PMID: 21507959
  84. Mechanisms of deadenylation-dependent decay.
    Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2011 Mar-Apr;2(2):167-83 PMID: 21957004
  85. Metabolism and regulation of canonical histone mRNAs: life without a poly(A) tail.
    Nat Rev Genet. 2008 Nov;9(11):843-54 PMID: 18927579
  86. A UPF3-mediated regulatory switch that maintains RNA surveillance.
    Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2009 Jul;16(7):747-53 PMID: 19503078
  87. Transcriptome profiling of UPF3B/NMD-deficient lymphoblastoid cells from patients with various forms of intellectual disability.
    Mol Psychiatry. 2012 Nov;17(11):1103-15 PMID: 22182939
  88. Formation of the 3' end of histone mRNA: getting closer to the end.
    Gene. 2007 Jul 15;396(2):373-90 PMID: 17531405
  89. Overexpression of the c-myc oncogene inhibits nonsense-mediated RNA decay in B lymphocytes.
    J Biol Chem. 2011 Nov 18;286(46):40038-43 PMID: 21969377
  90. Lipopolysaccharide-induced methylation of HuR, an mRNA-stabilizing protein, by CARM1. Coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase.
    J Biol Chem. 2002 Nov 22;277(47):44623-30 PMID: 12237300
  91. SKAR links pre-mRNA splicing to mTOR/S6K1-mediated enhanced translation efficiency of spliced mRNAs.
    Cell. 2008 Apr 18;133(2):303-13 PMID: 18423201
  92. Widespread shortening of 3'UTRs by alternative cleavage and polyadenylation activates oncogenes in cancer cells.
    Cell. 2009 Aug 21;138(4):673-84 PMID: 19703394
  93. Nonsense surveillance regulates expression of diverse classes of mammalian transcripts and mutes genomic noise.
    Nat Genet. 2004 Oct;36(10):1073-8 PMID: 15448691
  94. PYM binds the cytoplasmic exon-junction complex and ribosomes to enhance translation of spliced mRNAs.
    Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2007 Dec;14(12):1173-9 PMID: 18026120
  95. Modulation of mRNA stability as a novel therapeutic approach.
    Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Apr;114(1):56-73 PMID: 17320967
  96. SMD and NMD are competitive pathways that contribute to myogenesis: effects on PAX3 and myogenin mRNAs.
    Genes Dev. 2009 Jan 1;23(1):54-66 PMID: 19095803
  97. hUPF2 silencing identifies physiologic substrates of mammalian nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Feb;26(4):1272-87 PMID: 16449641
  98. Upf1 phosphorylation triggers translational repression during nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.
    Cell. 2008 Apr 18;133(2):314-27 PMID: 18423202
  99. Genome-wide analysis of MEF2 transcriptional program reveals synaptic target genes and neuronal activity-dependent polyadenylation site selection.
    Neuron. 2008 Dec 26;60(6):1022-38 PMID: 19109909
  100. Mechanisms of endonuclease-mediated mRNA decay.
    Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2011 Jul-Aug;2(4):582-600 PMID: 21957046
  101. SMG7 acts as a molecular link between mRNA surveillance and mRNA decay.
    Mol Cell. 2004 Nov 19;16(4):587-96 PMID: 15546618
  102. mRNA degradation plays a significant role in the program of gene expression regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling.
    Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Nov;30(22):5295-305 PMID: 20855526
  103. The eukaryotic RNA exosome: same scaffold but variable catalytic subunits.
    RNA Biol. 2011 Jan-Feb;8(1):61-6 PMID: 21289487
  104. Patterns of coordinate down-regulation of ARE-containing transcripts following immune cell activation.
    Genomics. 2004 Dec;84(6):1002-13 PMID: 15533717
  105. RNA homeostasis governed by cell type-specific and branched feedback loops acting on NMD.
    Mol Cell. 2011 Sep 16;43(6):950-61 PMID: 21925383
  106. The human glucocorticoid receptor as an RNA-binding protein: global analysis of glucocorticoid receptor-associated transcripts and identification of a target RNA motif.
    J Immunol. 2011 Jan 15;186(2):1189-98 PMID: 21148795
  107. Role of the RNA-binding protein tristetraprolin in glucocorticoid-mediated gene regulation.
    J Immunol. 2008 Jun 15;180(12):8342-53 PMID: 18523301
  108. A novel role for the glucocorticoid receptor in the regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA stability.
    J Biol Chem. 2007 Apr 6;282(14):10146-52 PMID: 17276989
  109. Phosphorylation of hUPF1 induces formation of mRNA surveillance complexes containing hSMG-5 and hSMG-7.
    Mol Cell. 2003 Nov;12(5):1187-200 PMID: 14636577
  110. Major source of antigenic peptides for the MHC class I pathway is produced during the pioneer round of mRNA translation.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jul 12;108(28):11572-7 PMID: 21709220
  111. MAPKAP kinase 2 phosphorylates tristetraprolin on in vivo sites including Ser178, a site required for 14-3-3 binding.
    J Biol Chem. 2004 Mar 12;279(11):10176-84 PMID: 14688255
  112. Posttranscriptional regulation of cancer traits by HuR.
    Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2010 Sep-Oct;1(2):214-29 PMID: 21935886
  113. ARED 3.0: the large and diverse AU-rich transcriptome.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2006 Jan 1;34(Database issue):D111-4 PMID: 16381826
  114. Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in animal embryogenesis: to die or not to die, that is the question.
    Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2011 Aug;21(4):422-30 PMID: 21550797
  115. Molecular mechanisms of mTOR-mediated translational control.
    Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2009 May;10(5):307-18 PMID: 19339977
  116. MCPIP1 ribonuclease antagonizes dicer and terminates microRNA biogenesis through precursor microRNA degradation.
    Mol Cell. 2011 Nov 4;44(3):424-36 PMID: 22055188
  117. RNase MRP RNA and human genetic diseases.
    Cell Res. 2007 Mar;17(3):219-26 PMID: 17189938
  118. Regulation of mRNA decapping.
    Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 2010 Sep-Oct;1(2):253-65 PMID: 21935889
  119. The ARE-dependent mRNA-destabilizing activity of BRF1 is regulated by protein kinase B.
    EMBO J. 2004 Dec 8;23(24):4760-9 PMID: 15538381
Article Info
Journal
Nature reviews. Genetics
Abbr.
Nat Rev Genet
ISSN
1471-0064
DOI
10.1038/nrg3160
Email
[email protected]
Published
2012-03-06
Epub
2012-00-06
Pages
246-59
Language
English
Region
England
NLM ID
100962779
PMCID
PMC3351101
Subset
IM
Grants
NIGMS NIH HHS · R01 GM038277 · United States
NIGMS NIH HHS · R01 GM074593 · United States
NIGMS NIH HHS · R01 GM079707 · United States
NIGMS NIH HHS · R01 GM059614 · United States
NIGMS NIH HHS · R01 GM084177 · United States
Corrections
ErratumIn
-
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1038/nrg3160 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2