Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 26432246 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

An integrated map of structural variation in 2,504 human genomes.

Nature ·Vol. 526 ·No. 7571 ·2015-10-01 ·Pages 75-81

Sudmant PH, Rausch T, Gardner EJ, Handsaker RE, Abyzov A, Huddleston J, Zhang Y, Ye K, Jun G, Fritz MH, Konkel MK, Malhotra A, Stütz AM, Shi X, Casale FP, Chen J, Hormozdiari F, Dayama G, Chen K, Malig M, Chaisson MJP, Walter K, Meiers S, Kashin S, Garrison E, Auton A, Lam HYK, Mu XJ, Alkan C, Antaki D, Bae T, Cerveira E, Chines P, Chong Z, Clarke L, Dal E, Ding L, Emery S, Fan X, Gujral M, Kahveci F, Kidd JM, Kong Y, Lameijer EW, McCarthy S, Flicek P, Gibbs RA, Marth G, Mason CE, Menelaou A, Muzny DM, Nelson BJ, Noor A, Parrish NF, Pendleton M, Quitadamo A, Raeder B, Schadt EE, Romanovitch M, Schlattl A, Sebra R, Shabalin AA, Untergasser A, Walker JA, Wang M, Yu F, Zhang C, Zhang J, Zheng-Bradley X, Zhou W, Zichner T, Sebat J, Batzer MA, McCarroll SA, 1000 Genomes Project Consortium, Mills RE, Gerstein MB, Bashir A, Stegle O, Devine SE, Lee C, Eichler EE, Korbel JO

Abstract

Structural variants are implicated in numerous diseases and make up the majority of varying nucleotides among human genomes. Here we describe an integrated set of eight structural variant classes comprising both balanced and unbalanced variants, which we constructed using short-read DNA sequencing data and statistically phased onto haplotype blocks in 26 human populations. Analysing this set, we identify numerous gene-intersecting structural variants exhibiting population stratification and describe naturally occurring homozygous gene knockouts that suggest the dispensability of a variety of human genes. We demonstrate that structural variants are enriched on haplotypes identified by genome-wide association studies and exhibit enrichment for expression quantitative trait loci. Additionally, we uncover appreciable levels of structural variant complexity at different scales, including genic loci subject to clusters of repeated rearrangement and complex structural variants with multiple breakpoints likely to have formed through individual mutational events. Our catalogue will enhance future studies into structural variant demography, functional impact and disease association.

MeSH Terms
Amino Acid Sequence Genetic Predisposition to Disease Genetic Variation/genetics Genetics, Medical Genetics, Population Genome, Human/genetics Genome-Wide Association Study Genomics Genotype Haplotypes/genetics Homozygote Humans Molecular Sequence Data Mutation Rate Physical Chromosome Mapping Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics Sequence Analysis, DNA Sequence Deletion/genetics
Authors & Affiliations
83 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Sudmant Peter H
Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5065, USA.
Rausch Tobias
European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
Gardner Eugene J
Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 801 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
Handsaker Robert E
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Abyzov Alexej
Department of Health Sciences Research, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Huddleston John
Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5065, USA. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Zhang Yan
Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, BASS 432&437, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. | Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Yale University, 266 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
Ye Kai
The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA. | Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
Jun Goo
Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. | Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Fritz Markus Hsi-Yang
European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
Konkel Miriam K
Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
Malhotra Ankit
The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
Stütz Adrian M
European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
Shi Xinghua
Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
Casale Francesco Paolo
European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom.
Chen Jieming
Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, BASS 432&437, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. | Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
Hormozdiari Fereydoun
Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5065, USA.
Dayama Gargi
Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 500 S. State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Chen Ken
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Malig Maika
Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5065, USA.
Chaisson Mark J P
Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5065, USA.
Walter Klaudia
The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
Meiers Sascha
European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
Kashin Seva
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Garrison Erik
Department of Biology, Boston College, 355 Higgins Hall, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
Auton Adam
Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
Lam Hugo Y K
Bina Technologies, Roche Sequencing, 555 Twin Dolphin Drive, Redwood City, CA 94065, USA.
Mu Xinmeng Jasmine
Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, BASS 432&437, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. | Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Alkan Can
Department of Computer Engineering, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
Antaki Danny
University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Bae Taejeong
Department of Health Sciences Research, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Cerveira Eliza
The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
Chines Peter
National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
Chong Zechen
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Clarke Laura
European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom.
Dal Elif
Department of Computer Engineering, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
Ding Li
The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA. | Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA. | Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Ave, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA. | Siteman Cancer Center, 660 South Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Emery Sarah
Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 1241 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Fan Xian
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Gujral Madhusudan
University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Kahveci Fatma
Department of Computer Engineering, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
Kidd Jeffrey M
Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. | Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 1241 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Kong Yu
Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
Lameijer Eric-Wubbo
Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300RA, The Netherlands.
McCarthy Shane
The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
Flicek Paul
European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom.
Gibbs Richard A
Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Marth Gabor
Department of Biology, Boston College, 355 Higgins Hall, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
Mason Christopher E
The Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, 1305 York Avenue, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA. | The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, 413 East 69th St, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.
Menelaou Androniki
University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK. | Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands.
Muzny Donna M
Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY School of Natural Sciences, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Nelson Bradley J
Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5065, USA.
Noor Amina
University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Parrish Nicholas F
Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
Pendleton Matthew
Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY School of Natural Sciences, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Quitadamo Andrew
Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
Raeder Benjamin
European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
Schadt Eric E
Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY School of Natural Sciences, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Romanovitch Mallory
The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
Schlattl Andreas
European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
Sebra Robert
Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY School of Natural Sciences, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Shabalin Andrey A
Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 East Clay Street, McGuire Hall, Richmond, VA 23298-0581, USA.
Untergasser Andreas
European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. | Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
Walker Jerilyn A
Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
Wang Min
Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Yu Fuli
Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Zhang Chengsheng
The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
Zhang Jing
Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, BASS 432&437, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. | Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Yale University, 266 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
Zheng-Bradley Xiangqun
European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom.
Zhou Wanding
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Zichner Thomas
European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
Sebat Jonathan
University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Batzer Mark A
Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
McCarroll Steven A
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
1000 Genomes Project Consortium
Mills Ryan E
Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 500 S. State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. | Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, 1241 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Gerstein Mark B
Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, BASS 432&437, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. | Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Yale University, 266 Whitney Ave, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. | Department of Computer Science, Yale University, 51 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
Bashir Ali
Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, NY School of Natural Sciences, 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Stegle Oliver
European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom.
Devine Scott E
Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 801 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
Lee Charles
The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA. | Department of Graduate Studies - Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea 120-750.
Eichler Evan E
Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5065, USA. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
Korbel Jan O
European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. | European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom.
References (39)
39 references, click to expand
  1. Genome-wide association study of CNVs in 16,000 cases of eight common diseases and 3,000 shared controls.
    Nature. 2010 Apr 1;464(7289):713-20 PMID: 20360734
  2. Origins and functional impact of copy number variation in the human genome.
    Nature. 2010 Apr 1;464(7289):704-12 PMID: 19812545
  3. A map of human genome variation from population-scale sequencing.
    Nature. 2010 Oct 28;467(7319):1061-73 PMID: 20981092
  4. CNVs: harbingers of a rare variant revolution in psychiatric genetics.
    Cell. 2012 Mar 16;148(6):1223-41 PMID: 22424231
  5. Characteristics of de novo structural changes in the human genome.
    Genome Res. 2015 Jun;25(6):792-801 PMID: 25883321
  6. Widespread genomic signatures of natural selection in hominid evolution.
    PLoS Genet. 2009 May;5(5):e1000471 PMID: 19424416
  7. Resolving the complexity of the human genome using single-molecule sequencing.
    Nature. 2015 Jan 29;517(7536):608-11 PMID: 25383537
  8. Transcriptome and genome sequencing uncovers functional variation in humans.
    Nature. 2013 Sep 26;501(7468):506-11 PMID: 24037378
  9. A common inversion under selection in Europeans.
    Nat Genet. 2005 Feb;37(2):129-37 PMID: 15654335
  10. A comprehensive map of mobile element insertion polymorphisms in humans.
    PLoS Genet. 2011 Aug;7(8):e1002236 PMID: 21876680
  11. Integrated detection and population-genetic analysis of SNPs and copy number variation.
    Nat Genet. 2008 Oct;40(10):1166-74 PMID: 18776908
  12. Relative burden of large CNVs on a range of neurodevelopmental phenotypes.
    PLoS Genet. 2011 Nov;7(11):e1002334 PMID: 22102821
  13. Mutation spectrum revealed by breakpoint sequencing of human germline CNVs.
    Nat Genet. 2010 May;42(5):385-91 PMID: 20364136
  14. Large multiallelic copy number variations in humans.
    Nat Genet. 2015 Mar;47(3):296-303 PMID: 25621458
  15. An integrated map of genetic variation from 1,092 human genomes.
    Nature. 2012 Nov 1;491(7422):56-65 PMID: 23128226
  16. Genic intolerance to functional variation and the interpretation of personal genomes.
    PLoS Genet. 2013;9(8):e1003709 PMID: 23990802
  17. Pregnancy-specific glycoproteins: complex gene families regulating maternal-fetal interactions.
    Int J Dev Biol. 2014;58(2-4):273-80 PMID: 25023693
  18. Fast and accurate long-read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform.
    Bioinformatics. 2010 Mar 1;26(5):589-95 PMID: 20080505
  19. Linkage disequilibrium and heritability of copy-number polymorphisms within duplicated regions of the human genome.
    Am J Hum Genet. 2006 Aug;79(2):275-90 PMID: 16826518
  20. InvFEST, a database integrating information of polymorphic inversions in the human genome.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan;42(Database issue):D1027-32 PMID: 24253300
  21. A haplotype map of the human genome.
    Nature. 2005 Oct 27;437(7063):1299-320 PMID: 16255080
  22. The deleterious mutation load is insensitive to recent population history.
    Nat Genet. 2014 Mar;46(3):220-4 PMID: 24509481
  23. An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome.
    Nature. 2012 Sep 6;489(7414):57-74 PMID: 22955616
  24. Towards a comprehensive structural variation map of an individual human genome.
    Genome Biol. 2010;11(5):R52 PMID: 20482838
  25. Relative impact of nucleotide and copy number variation on gene expression phenotypes.
    Science. 2007 Feb 9;315(5813):848-53 PMID: 17289997
  26. A human genome structural variation sequencing resource reveals insights into mutational mechanisms.
    Cell. 2010 Nov 24;143(5):837-47 PMID: 21111241
  27. Assembly and diploid architecture of an individual human genome via single-molecule technologies.
    Nat Methods. 2015 Aug;12(8):780-6 PMID: 26121404
  28. Pindel: a pattern growth approach to detect break points of large deletions and medium sized insertions from paired-end short reads.
    Bioinformatics. 2009 Nov 1;25(21):2865-71 PMID: 19561018
  29. Relating CNVs to transcriptome data at fine resolution: assessment of the effect of variant size, type, and overlap with functional regions.
    Genome Res. 2011 Dec;21(12):2004-13 PMID: 21862627
  30. Mapping copy number variation by population-scale genome sequencing.
    Nature. 2011 Feb 3;470(7332):59-65 PMID: 21293372
  31. Paired-end mapping reveals extensive structural variation in the human genome.
    Science. 2007 Oct 19;318(5849):420-6 PMID: 17901297
  32. The Database of Genomic Variants: a curated collection of structural variation in the human genome.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jan;42(Database issue):D986-92 PMID: 24174537
  33. mrsFAST-Ultra: a compact, SNP-aware mapper for high performance sequencing applications.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Jul;42(Web Server issue):W494-500 PMID: 24810850
  34. Diversity of human copy number variation and multicopy genes.
    Science. 2010 Oct 29;330(6004):641-6 PMID: 21030649
  35. Mechanisms of change in gene copy number.
    Nat Rev Genet. 2009 Aug;10(8):551-64 PMID: 19597530
  36. Genome structural variation discovery and genotyping.
    Nat Rev Genet. 2011 May;12(5):363-76 PMID: 21358748
  37. High-resolution human genome structure by single-molecule analysis.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jun 15;107(24):10848-53 PMID: 20534489
  38. Phenotypic impact of genomic structural variation: insights from and for human disease.
    Nat Rev Genet. 2013 Feb;14(2):125-38 PMID: 23329113
  39. Global variation in copy number in the human genome.
    Nature. 2006 Nov 23;444(7118):444-54 PMID: 17122850
Article Info
Journal
Nature
Abbr.
Nature
ISSN
1476-4687
DOI
10.1038/nature15394
Published
2015-10-01
Pages
75-81
Language
English
Region
England
NLM ID
0410462
PMCID
PMC4617611
Subset
IM
Grants
NCRR NIH HHS · S10 RR029676 · United States
NHGRI NIH HHS · R01 HG007068 · United States
NHGRI NIH HHS · R01HG002898 · United States
NCRR NIH HHS · RR19895 · United States
NHGRI NIH HHS · U41HG007497 · United States
NIGMS NIH HHS · R01 GM059290 · United States
NCRR NIH HHS · RR029676-01 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · R01 CA166661 · United States
Wellcome Trust · United Kingdom
NHGRI NIH HHS · U24 HG007497 · United States
NHGRI NIH HHS · R01 HG002385 · United States
NHGRI NIH HHS · R01HG007068 · United States
NHGRI NIH HHS · R01 HG002898 · United States
NHGRI NIH HHS · P01HG007497 · United States
NHGRI NIH HHS · U41 HG007497 · United States
NIGMS NIH HHS · R01GM59290 · United States
NCRR NIH HHS · S10 RR019895 · United States
Wellcome Trust · WT104947/Z/14/Z · United Kingdom
NIGMS NIH HHS · T32 GM008666 · United States
Wellcome Trust · WT085532/Z/08/Z · United Kingdom
NCI NIH HHS · R01CA166661 · United States
Wellcome Trust · 104947 · United Kingdom
Wellcome Trust · 085532 · United Kingdom
Corrections
CommentIn
PMID: 26432243
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1038/nature15394 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2