Promoter recognition and promoter strength in the Escherichia coli system.

The strength of Escherichia coli promoters in vivo as well as the rates of association between RNA polymerase and promoter sequences differ by more than an order of magnitude. Since efficient promoter recognition and rapid binding of the enzyme might be a prerequisite for exceptional promoter strength we have determined the forward rate constants kon (as well as koff) for nine promoters including PL, PA1, and PN25 from phages lambda, T7, and T5, respectively as well as Pbla and PlacUV5 from E. coli. The second order forward rate constants span a 30-fold range from 1 X 10(7) M-1 s-1 for Pbla and PL up to 2.9 X 10(8) M-1 S-1 for PN25. Little correlation between 'promoter recognition' as defined by the rate of complex formation of a promoter sequence with RNA polymerase and its strength in vivo as defined by the rate of RNA synthesis has been found. This adds to the evidence that the complex functional pathway encoded in a promoter sequence can be limited at various levels and that promoter strength in vivo is the result of an optimization process involving more than just one functional parameter.