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PMID: 10346993 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review

Molecular epidemiologic research on the effects of environmental pollutants on the fetus.

Environmental health perspectives ·Vol. 107 Suppl 3 ·1999-06-00 ·Pages 451-60

Perera FP, Jedrychowski W, Rauh V, Whyatt RM

Abstract

Evidence shows that fetuses and infants are more affected than adults by a variety of environmental toxicants because of differential exposure, physiologic immaturity, and a longer lifetime over which disease initiated in early life can develop. In this article we review data on the effects of in utero exposure to common environmental contaminants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), particulate matter and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). We then summarize results from our molecular epidemiologic study to assess risks from in utero exposures to ambient air pollution and ETS. This research study, conducted in Poland, used biomarkers to measure the internal and bioeffective dose of toxicants and individual susceptibility factors. The study included 160 mothers and 160 newborns. Ambient air pollution was significantly associated (p= 0.05) with the amount of PAH bound to DNA (PAH-DNA adducts) in both maternal and infant cord white blood cells (WBC). Newborns with elevated PAH-DNA adducts (greater than the median) had significantly decreased birth weight (p= 0.05), birth length (p= 0.02), and head circumference (p= 0.0005) compared to the newborns with lower adducts (n= 135). Maternal and infant cotinine levels were increased by active and passive cigarette smoke exposure of the mother (p= 0.01). An inverse correlation was seen between newborn plasma cotinine (nanograms per milliliter) and birth weight (p= 0.0001) and length (p= 0.003). Adducts were elevated in placental tissue and WBC of newborns who were heterozygous or homozygous for the cytochrome P4501A1 MspI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) compared to newborns without the RFLP. Levels of PAH-DNA and cotinine were higher in newborns than mothers. These results document that there is significant transplacental transfer of PAH and ETS constituents from mother to fetus; that PAH-DNA adduct levels in maternal and newborn WBC were increased with environmental exposure to PAH from ambient pollution; and that the fetus is more sensitive to genetic damage than the mother. The study also provided the first molecular evidence that transplacental PAH exposure to the fetus is compromising fetal development. If confirmed, these findings could have significant public health implications since a number of studies have found that reduction of head circumference at birth correlates with lower intelligence quotient as well as poorer cognitive functioning and school performance in childhood.

MeSH Terms
Adult Biomarkers/blood Cotinine/blood DNA Adducts/blood Embryonic and Fetal Development/drug effects Environmental Pollutants/adverse effects Female Fetus/drug effects Humans Infant, Newborn Molecular Epidemiology Poland Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/adverse effects Pregnancy Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects
Chemicals
Biomarkers DNA Adducts Environmental Pollutants Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Tobacco Smoke Pollution Cotinine
Authors & Affiliations
4 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Perera F P
Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. [email protected]
Jedrychowski W
Rauh V
Whyatt R M
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Article Info
Journal
Environmental health perspectives
Abbr.
Environ Health Perspect
ISSN
0091-6765
DOI
10.1289/ehp.99107s3451
Email
[email protected]
Published
1999-06-00
Pages
451-60
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
0330411
PMCID
PMC1566212
Subset
IM
Grants
NIEHS NIH HHS · P01 ES009600 · United States
NIEHS NIH HHS · 1P50ES09600-01 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · R01-CA-39174 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · R01CA-35809 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1289/ehp.99107s3451 PMC Full Text View journal details
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