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PMID: 23722424 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Meta-Analysis Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment.

Science (New York, N.Y.) ·Vol. 340 ·No. 6139 ·2013-06-21 ·Pages 1467-71

Rietveld CA, Medland SE, Derringer J, Yang J, Esko T, Martin NW, Westra HJ, Shakhbazov K, Abdellaoui A, Agrawal A, Albrecht E, Alizadeh BZ, Amin N, Barnard J, Baumeister SE, Benke KS, Bielak LF, Boatman JA, Boyle PA, Davies G, de Leeuw C, Eklund N, Evans DS, Ferhmann R, Fischer K, Gieger C, Gjessing HK, Hägg S, Harris JR, Hayward C, Holzapfel C, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Ingelsson E, Jacobsson B, Joshi PK, Jugessur A, Kaakinen M, Kanoni S, Karjalainen J, Kolcic I, Kristiansson K, Kutalik Z, Lahti J, Lee SH, Lin P, Lind PA, Liu Y, Lohman K, Loitfelder M, McMahon G, Vidal PM, Meirelles O, Milani L, Myhre R, Nuotio ML, Oldmeadow CJ, Petrovic KE, Peyrot WJ, Polasek O, Quaye L, Reinmaa E, Rice JP, Rizzi TS, Schmidt H, Schmidt R, Smith AV, Smith JA, Tanaka T, Terracciano A, van der Loos MJ, Vitart V, Völzke H, Wellmann J, Yu L, Zhao W, Allik J, Attia JR, Bandinelli S, Bastardot F, Beauchamp J, Bennett DA, Berger K, Bierut LJ, Boomsma DI, Bültmann U, Campbell H, Chabris CF, Cherkas L, Chung MK, Cucca F, de Andrade M, De Jager PL, De Neve JE, Deary IJ, Dedoussis GV, Deloukas P, Dimitriou M, Eiríksdóttir G, Elderson MF, Eriksson JG, Evans DM, Faul JD, Ferrucci L, Garcia ME, Grönberg H, Guðnason V, Hall P, Harris JM, Harris TB, Hastie ND, Heath AC, Hernandez DG, Hoffmann W, Hofman A, Holle R, Holliday EG, Hottenga JJ, Iacono WG, Illig T, Järvelin MR, Kähönen M, Kaprio J, Kirkpatrick RM, Kowgier M, Latvala A, Launer LJ, Lawlor DA, Lehtimäki T, Li J, Lichtenstein P, Lichtner P, Liewald DC, Madden PA, Magnusson PK, Mäkinen TE, Masala M, McGue M, Metspalu A, Mielck A, Miller MB, Montgomery GW, Mukherjee S, Nyholt DR, Oostra BA, Palmer LJ, Palotie A, Penninx BW, Perola M, Peyser PA, Preisig M, Räikkönen K, Raitakari OT, Realo A, Ring SM, Ripatti S, Rivadeneira F, Rudan I, Rustichini A, Salomaa V, Sarin AP, Schlessinger D, Scott RJ, Snieder H, St Pourcain B, Starr JM, Sul JH, Surakka I, Svento R, Teumer A, LifeLines Cohort Study, Tiemeier H, van Rooij FJ, Van Wagoner DR, Vartiainen E, Viikari J, Vollenweider P, Vonk JM, Waeber G, Weir DR, Wichmann HE, Widen E, Willemsen G, Wilson JF, Wright AF, Conley D, Davey-Smith G, Franke L, Groenen PJ, Hofman A, Johannesson M, Kardia SL, Krueger RF, Laibson D, Martin NG, Meyer MN, Posthuma D, Thurik AR, Timpson NJ, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Visscher PM, Benjamin DJ, Cesarini D, Koellinger PD

Abstract

A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R(2) ≈ 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for ≈2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.

MeSH Terms
Cognition Educational Status Endophenotypes Female Genetic Loci Genome-Wide Association Study Humans Male Multifactorial Inheritance Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Authors & Affiliations
204 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Rietveld Cornelius A
Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Medland Sarah E
Derringer Jaime
Yang Jian
Esko Tõnu
Martin Nicolas W
Westra Harm-Jan
Shakhbazov Konstantin
Abdellaoui Abdel
Agrawal Arpana
Albrecht Eva
Alizadeh Behrooz Z
Amin Najaf
Barnard John
Baumeister Sebastian E
Benke Kelly S
Bielak Lawrence F
Boatman Jeffrey A
Boyle Patricia A
Davies Gail
de Leeuw Christiaan
Eklund Niina
Evans Daniel S
Ferhmann Rudolf
Fischer Krista
Gieger Christian
Gjessing Håkon K
Hägg Sara
Harris Jennifer R
Hayward Caroline
Holzapfel Christina
Ibrahim-Verbaas Carla A
Ingelsson Erik
Jacobsson Bo
Joshi Peter K
Jugessur Astanand
Kaakinen Marika
Kanoni Stavroula
Karjalainen Juha
Kolcic Ivana
Kristiansson Kati
Kutalik Zoltán
Lahti Jari
Lee Sang H
Lin Peng
Lind Penelope A
Liu Yongmei
Lohman Kurt
Loitfelder Marisa
McMahon George
Vidal Pedro Marques
Meirelles Osorio
Milani Lili
Myhre Ronny
Nuotio Marja-Liisa
Oldmeadow Christopher J
Petrovic Katja E
Peyrot Wouter J
Polasek Ozren
Quaye Lydia
Reinmaa Eva
Rice John P
Rizzi Thais S
Schmidt Helena
Schmidt Reinhold
Smith Albert V
Smith Jennifer A
Tanaka Toshiko
Terracciano Antonio
van der Loos Matthijs J H M
Vitart Veronique
Völzke Henry
Wellmann Jürgen
Yu Lei
Zhao Wei
Allik Jüri
Attia John R
Bandinelli Stefania
Bastardot François
Beauchamp Jonathan
Bennett David A
Berger Klaus
Bierut Laura J
Boomsma Dorret I
Bültmann Ute
Campbell Harry
Chabris Christopher F
Cherkas Lynn
Chung Mina K
Cucca Francesco
de Andrade Mariza
De Jager Philip L
De Neve Jan-Emmanuel
Deary Ian J
Dedoussis George V
Deloukas Panos
Dimitriou Maria
Eiríksdóttir Guðny
Elderson Martin F
Eriksson Johan G
Evans David M
Faul Jessica D
Ferrucci Luigi
Garcia Melissa E
Grönberg Henrik
Guðnason Vilmundur
Hall Per
Harris Juliette M
Harris Tamara B
Hastie Nicholas D
Heath Andrew C
Hernandez Dena G
Hoffmann Wolfgang
Hofman Adriaan
Holle Rolf
Holliday Elizabeth G
Hottenga Jouke-Jan
Iacono William G
Illig Thomas
Järvelin Marjo-Riitta
Kähönen Mika
Kaprio Jaakko
Kirkpatrick Robert M
Kowgier Matthew
Latvala Antti
Launer Lenore J
Lawlor Debbie A
Lehtimäki Terho
Li Jingmei
Lichtenstein Paul
Lichtner Peter
Liewald David C
Madden Pamela A
Magnusson Patrik K E
Mäkinen Tomi E
Masala Marco
McGue Matt
Metspalu Andres
Mielck Andreas
Miller Michael B
Montgomery Grant W
Mukherjee Sutapa
Nyholt Dale R
Oostra Ben A
Palmer Lyle J
Palotie Aarno
Penninx Brenda W J H
Perola Markus
Peyser Patricia A
Preisig Martin
Räikkönen Katri
Raitakari Olli T
Realo Anu
Ring Susan M
Ripatti Samuli
Rivadeneira Fernando
Rudan Igor
Rustichini Aldo
Salomaa Veikko
Sarin Antti-Pekka
Schlessinger David
Scott Rodney J
Snieder Harold
St Pourcain Beate
Starr John M
Sul Jae Hoon
Surakka Ida
Svento Rauli
Teumer Alexander
LifeLines Cohort Study
Tiemeier Henning
van Rooij Frank J A
Van Wagoner David R
Vartiainen Erkki
Viikari Jorma
Vollenweider Peter
Vonk Judith M
Waeber Gérard
Weir David R
Wichmann H-Erich
Widen Elisabeth
Willemsen Gonneke
Wilson James F
Wright Alan F
Conley Dalton
Davey-Smith George
Franke Lude
Groenen Patrick J F
Hofman Albert
Johannesson Magnus
Kardia Sharon L R
Krueger Robert F
Laibson David
Martin Nicholas G
Meyer Michelle N
Posthuma Danielle
Thurik A Roy
Timpson Nicholas J
Uitterlinden André G
van Duijn Cornelia M
Visscher Peter M
Benjamin Daniel J
Cesarini David
Koellinger Philipp D
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Article Info
Journal
Science (New York, N.Y.)
Abbr.
Science
ISSN
1095-9203
DOI
10.1126/science.1235488
Published
2013-06-21
Epub
2013-00-30
Pages
1467-71
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
0404511
PMCID
PMC3751588
Subset
IM
Grants
NIAAA NIH HHS · R37 AA009367 · United States
Medical Research Council · MC_UU_12013/3 · United Kingdom
NIGMS NIH HHS · P01 GM099568 · United States
NIMH NIH HHS · MH016880 · United States
Intramural NIH HHS · Z01 AG001050-01 · United States
Medical Research Council · MC_PC_15018 · United Kingdom
NIMH NIH HHS · T32 MH016880 · United States
NIA NIH HHS · T32-AG000186-23 · United States
NIMH NIH HHS · MH066140 · United States
NIDA NIH HHS · F31 DA029377 · United States
NIDA NIH HHS · R37 DA005147 · United States
NIA NIH HHS · P01-AG005842-20S2 · United States
Chief Scientist Office · ETM/55 · United Kingdom
Chief Scientist Office · CZB/4/710 · United Kingdom
NIAAA NIH HHS · K05 AA017688 · United States
NIDA NIH HHS · DA13240 · United States
Medical Research Council · G0600705 · United Kingdom
NIDA NIH HHS · DA029377 · United States
NIAAA NIH HHS · R01 AA009367 · United States
NIA NIH HHS · U01 AG009740 · United States
NIAAA NIH HHS · AA09367 · United States
NIAAA NIH HHS · R01 AA011886 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · P01 CA089392 · United States
Medical Research Council · MR/K026992/1 · United Kingdom
NIDA NIH HHS · U01 DA024417 · United States
NHLBI NIH HHS · R01 HL090620 · United States
NHLBI NIH HHS · R01 HL105756 · United States
Medical Research Council · MC_UU_12013/1 · United Kingdom
NHLBI NIH HHS · R01 HL111314 · United States
NIDA NIH HHS · DA05147 · United States
Intramural NIH HHS · ZIA AG000196-03 · United States
NIMH NIH HHS · R01 MH066140 · United States
Medical Research Council · MC_UU_12013/4 · United Kingdom
Medical Research Council · MC_PC_U127561128 · United Kingdom
NIA NIH HHS · P01-AG005842 · United States
Medical Research Council · G0700704 · United Kingdom
NIA NIH HHS · P30-AG012810 · United States
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council · BB/F019394/1 · United Kingdom
NIA NIH HHS · P01 AG005842 · United States
NIAAA NIH HHS · AA11886 · United States
Medical Research Council · MC_UU_12013/5 · United Kingdom
NIDA NIH HHS · DA024417 · United States
NIA NIH HHS · P30 AG012810 · United States
NIA NIH HHS · T32 AG000186 · United States
Intramural NIH HHS · ZIA AG000196-04 · United States
Medical Research Council · G9815508 · United Kingdom
NIDA NIH HHS · R01 DA013240 · United States
Corrections
CommentIn
PMID: 23788790
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1126/science.1235488 PMC Full Text View journal details
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