Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 2651863 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review

Physiological and genetic responses of bacteria to osmotic stress.

Microbiological reviews ·Vol. 53 ·No. 1 ·1989-03-00 ·Pages 121-47

Csonka LN

Abstract

The capacity of organisms to respond to fluctuations in their osmotic environments is an important physiological process that determines their abilities to thrive in a variety of habitats. The primary response of bacteria to exposure to a high osmotic environment is the accumulation of certain solutes, K+, glutamate, trehalose, proline, and glycinebetaine, at concentrations that are proportional to the osmolarity of the medium. The supposed function of these solutes is to maintain the osmolarity of the cytoplasm at a value greater than the osmolarity of the medium and thus provide turgor pressure within the cells. Accumulation of these metabolites is accomplished by de novo synthesis or by uptake from the medium. Production of proteins that mediate accumulation or uptake of these metabolites is under osmotic control. This review is an account of the processes that mediate adaptation of bacteria to changes in their osmotic environment.

MeSH Terms
Bacteria/genetics,metabolism Osmolar Concentration Osmotic Pressure Water-Electrolyte Balance
Authors & Affiliations
1 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Csonka L N
References (210)
210 references, click to expand
  1. Gene envY of Escherichia coli K-12 affects thermoregulation of major porin expression.
    J Bacteriol. 1984 Jan;157(1):262-8 PMID: 6317653
  2. Proline transport and osmotic stress response in Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Bacteriol. 1986 Apr;166(1):253-9 PMID: 3514577
  3. Dependence of the putrescine content of Escherichia coli on the osmotic strength of the medium.
    J Biol Chem. 1972 Feb 25;247(4):1272-80 PMID: 4551516
  4. Construction of a series of ompF-ompC chimeric genes by in vivo homologous recombination in Escherichia coli and characterization of the translational products.
    J Bacteriol. 1985 Nov;164(2):797-801 PMID: 2997131
  5. Studies on halotolerance in a moderately halophilic bacterium. Effect of betaine on salt resistance of the respiratory system.
    Biochem J. 1968 Oct;109(4):687-91 PMID: 5683517
  6. Water relations of sugar-tolerant yeasts: the role of intracellular polyols.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1972 Oct;72(3):589-91 PMID: 4404634
  7. Nucleotide sequence of a mutation in the proB gene of Escherichia coli that confers proline overproduction and enhanced tolerance to osmotic stress.
    Gene. 1988 Apr 29;64(2):199-205 PMID: 2841193
  8. Interaction of a transcriptional activator, OmpR, with reciprocally osmoregulated genes, ompF and ompC, of Escherichia coli.
    J Biol Chem. 1986 Dec 25;261(36):17113-9 PMID: 3023382
  9. Nitrogen fixation in Klebsiella pneumoniae during osmotic stress. Effect of exogenous proline or a proline overproducing plasmid.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1982 Nov 24;719(2):273-83 PMID: 6758861
  10. Isolation and characterization of chain-terminating nonsense mutations in a porin regulator gene, envZ.
    J Bacteriol. 1983 Oct;156(1):62-9 PMID: 6311806
  11. Porin channels in intact cells of Escherichia coli are not affected by Donnan potentials across the outer membrane.
    J Biol Chem. 1988 Jan 25;263(3):1182-7 PMID: 2447086
  12. Transcriptional regulation of the proC gene of Salmonella typhimurium.
    J Bacteriol. 1988 May;170(5):2379-82 PMID: 3129409
  13. Preferential interactions of proteins with solvent components in aqueous amino acid solutions.
    Arch Biochem Biophys. 1983 Jul 1;224(1):169-77 PMID: 6870251
  14. Influence of cultural conditions and mutations on the composition of the outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1976 Sep 23;147(3):251-62 PMID: 787762
  15. Strategies for microbial growth at reduced water activities.
    Microbiol Sci. 1988 Sep;5(9):280-4 PMID: 3079192
  16. Localization and membrane topology of EnvZ, a protein involved in osmoregulation of OmpF and OmpC in Escherichia coli.
    J Biol Chem. 1987 Dec 5;262(34):16433-8 PMID: 2824492
  17. Regulation of outer membrane porin protein synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12: ompF regulates the expression of ompC.
    J Bacteriol. 1983 May;154(2):669-75 PMID: 6302079
  18. Activation of the ompC gene by the OmpR protein in Escherichia coli. The cis-acting upstream sequence can function in both orientations with respect to the canonical promoter.
    J Biol Chem. 1988 Oct 15;263(29):14629-33 PMID: 3139659
  19. Stabilization of protein structure by sugars.
    Biochemistry. 1982 Dec 7;21(25):6536-44 PMID: 7150574
  20. Pressure-sensitive ion channel in Escherichia coli.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Apr;84(8):2297-301 PMID: 2436228
  21. Characterization by deletion and localized mutagenesis in vitro of the promoter region of the Escherichia coli ompC gene and importance of the upstream DNA domain in positive regulation by the OmpR protein.
    J Bacteriol. 1986 Oct;168(1):86-95 PMID: 3531187
  22. Osmotic regulation and the biosynthesis of membrane-derived oligosaccharides in Escherichia coli.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Feb;79(4):1092-5 PMID: 7041113
  23. Evidence for osmoregulation of cell growth and buoyant density in Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1984 Jul;159(1):393-4 PMID: 6376477
  24. Glycine betaine reverses the effects of osmotic stress on DNA replication and cellular division in Escherichia coli.
    Arch Microbiol. 1988 Jan;149(3):232-9 PMID: 3284505
  25. Osmoregulation in Klebsiella pneumoniae: enhancement of anaerobic growth and nitrogen fixation under stress by proline betaine, gamma-butyrobetaine, and other related compounds.
    Can J Microbiol. 1984 Mar;30(3):299-305 PMID: 6372974
  26. Osmotic adaptation by gram-negative bacteria: possible role for periplasmic oligosaccharides.
    Science. 1986 Jan 3;231(4733):48-51 PMID: 3941890
  27. Genetics and biochemistry of the peptidoglycan-associated proteins b and c of Escherichia coli K12.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1979 Jan 31;169(2):137-46 PMID: 375003
  28. Life at the limits. Considerations on how bacteria can grow at extremes of temperature and pressure, or with high concentrations of ions and solutes.
    Sci Prog. 1987;71(283 Pt 3):381-99 PMID: 3629212
  29. Altered phospholipid metabolism in a sodium-sensitive mutant of Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1972 Mar;109(3):1034-46 PMID: 4551740
  30. OmpR and EnvZ are pleiotropic regulatory proteins: positive regulation of the tripeptide permease (tppB) of Salmonella typhimurium.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1987 Apr;207(1):120-9 PMID: 3037276
  31. The ompB locus and the regulation of the major outer membrane porin proteins of Escherichia coli K12.
    J Mol Biol. 1981 Feb 15;146(1):23-43 PMID: 7021856
  32. A unique mechanism regulating gene expression: translational inhibition by a complementary RNA transcript (micRNA).
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(7):1966-70 PMID: 6201848
  33. Genetic determination of sensitivity to salt hypertonicity in Escherichia coli K12.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1977 Sep;102(1):221-2 PMID: 335021
  34. Osmoregulation in Escherichia coli by accumulation of organic osmolytes: betaines, glutamic acid, and trehalose.
    Arch Microbiol. 1987 Feb;147(1):1-7 PMID: 2883950
  35. Osmoregulation of gene expression. II. DNA sequence of the envZ gene of the ompB operon of Escherichia coli and characterization of its gene product.
    J Biol Chem. 1982 Nov 25;257(22):13692-8 PMID: 6292200
  36. The osmotically regulated proU locus of Salmonella typhimurium encodes a periplasmic betaine-binding protein.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1987 Feb;133(2):305-10 PMID: 3309148
  37. Potassium transport loci in Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Bacteriol. 1971 Nov;108(2):639-44 PMID: 4942756
  38. EnvZ, a transmembrane environmental sensor of Escherichia coli K-12, is phosphorylated in vitro.
    J Bacteriol. 1988 Dec;170(12):5971-3 PMID: 3056929
  39. Osmoregulation of the maltose regulon in Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1986 Jun;166(3):884-91 PMID: 2423504
  40. Transient accumulation of potassium glutamate and its replacement by trehalose during adaptation of growing cells of Escherichia coli K-12 to elevated sodium chloride concentrations.
    Arch Microbiol. 1988;150(4):348-57 PMID: 3060036
  41. Binding protein dependent transport of glycine betaine and its osmotic regulation in Escherichia coli K12.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1986 Nov;205(2):225-33 PMID: 2949137
  42. Glycine betaine transport in Escherichia coli: osmotic modulation.
    J Bacteriol. 1985 Jan;161(1):393-401 PMID: 3881395
  43. Identification and mapping of a second proline permease Salmonella typhimurium.
    J Bacteriol. 1980 Mar;141(3):1064-70 PMID: 6245058
  44. Evidence for multiple K+ export systems in Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1987 Aug;169(8):3743-9 PMID: 3301813
  45. Characterization by deletion mutagenesis in vitro of the promoter region of ompF, a positively regulated gene of Escherichia coli.
    J Mol Biol. 1984 Sep 25;178(3):653-68 PMID: 6208372
  46. Osmotic regulation of L-proline transport in Salmonella typhimurium.
    J Bacteriol. 1985 Jul;163(1):296-304 PMID: 3924895
  47. Sequence homology between two membrane transport ATPases, the Kdp-ATPase of Escherichia coli and the Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Aug;81(15):4746-50 PMID: 6146979
  48. Regulation of the major proline permease gene of Salmonella typhimurium.
    J Bacteriol. 1978 Feb;133(2):737-43 PMID: 342506
  49. Rapid response to osmotic upshift by osmoregulated genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.
    J Bacteriol. 1988 Feb;170(2):534-9 PMID: 2828312
  50. his operons of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium are regulated by DNA supercoiling.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jan;84(2):517-21 PMID: 3025879
  51. Characterization of a Na+/H+ antiporter gene of Escherichia coli.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 May;84(9):2615-9 PMID: 3033655
  52. Preservation of membranes in anhydrobiotic organisms: the role of trehalose.
    Science. 1984 Feb 17;223(4637):701-3 PMID: 17841031
  53. Betaine Transport Imparts Osmotolerance on a Strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1987 Oct;53(10):2275-81 PMID: 16347448
  54. Sensory transduction in bacterial chemotaxis involves phosphotransfer between Che proteins.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Mar 15;151(2):891-6 PMID: 3279958
  55. Cation Transport in Escherichia coli: V. Regulation of cation content.
    J Gen Physiol. 1965 Nov 1;49(2):221-34 PMID: 19873561
  56. On the process of cellular division in Escherichia coli. IV. Altered protein composition and turnover of the membranes of thermosensitive mutants defective in chromosomal replication.
    J Mol Biol. 1971 Mar 28;56(3):475-90 PMID: 4929576
  57. Osmotic control of glycine betaine biosynthesis and degradation in Rhizobium meliloti.
    J Bacteriol. 1988 Jul;170(7):3142-9 PMID: 3290197
  58. Complementation analysis of the wild-type and mutant ompR genes exhibiting different phenotypes of osmoregulation of the ompF and ompC genes of Escherichia coli.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1986 Oct;205(1):51-5 PMID: 3540530
  59. A physiological role for DNA supercoiling in the osmotic regulation of gene expression in S. typhimurium and E. coli.
    Cell. 1988 Feb 26;52(4):569-84 PMID: 2830029
  60. Overproduction of hisH and hisF gene products leads to inhibition of cell cell division in Salmonella.
    Can J Microbiol. 1972 May;18(5):671-81 PMID: 4557275
  61. The use of transposon TnphoA to detect genes for cell envelope proteins subject to a common regulatory stimulus. Analysis of osmotically regulated genes in Escherichia coli.
    J Mol Biol. 1987 May 20;195(2):289-97 PMID: 2821274
  62. Periplasmic gel: new concept resulting from the reinvestigation of bacterial cell envelope ultrastructure by new methods.
    J Bacteriol. 1984 Oct;160(1):143-52 PMID: 6207168
  63. Electrolyte effects on the activity of mutant enzymes in vivo and in vitro.
    Biochemistry. 1979 Apr 3;18(7):1386-92 PMID: 371678
  64. Restoration of cell volume and the reversal of carbohydrate transport and growth inhibition of osmotically upshocked Escherichia coli.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1985 Jan 16;126(1):442-9 PMID: 3882088
  65. K+-ATPase from Escherichia coli: isolation and characterization.
    Methods Enzymol. 1988;157:668-80 PMID: 2976471
  66. Conserved domains in bacterial regulatory proteins that respond to environmental stimuli.
    Cell. 1987 Jun 5;49(5):579-81 PMID: 3555840
  67. An analysis of irreversible plant cell elongation.
    J Theor Biol. 1965 Mar;8(2):264-75 PMID: 5876240
  68. Isolation of mutations in the alpha operon of Escherichia coli that suppress the transcriptional defect conferred by a mutation in the porin regulatory gene envZ.
    J Bacteriol. 1987 Apr;169(4):1379-85 PMID: 3031009
  69. The molecular basis of an osmotically reparable mutant of Neurospora crassa producing unstable glutamate dehydrogenase.
    J Mol Biol. 1977 Mar 15;110(4):627-42 PMID: 140246
  70. CheA protein, a central regulator of bacterial chemotaxis, belongs to a family of proteins that control gene expression in response to changing environmental conditions.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(5):1403-7 PMID: 3278311
  71. Haemodynamic shear stress activates a K+ current in vascular endothelial cells.
    Nature. 1988 Jan 14;331(6152):168-70 PMID: 2448637
  72. Thermal death of temperature-sensitive lysyl- and tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase mutants of Bacillus subtilis: effect of culture medium and developmental stage.
    J Bacteriol. 1974 Nov;120(2):767-78 PMID: 4218233
  73. Effect of Betaine on Enzyme Activity and Subunit Interaction of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase from Aphanothece halophytica.
    Plant Physiol. 1986 Aug;81(4):1044-9 PMID: 16664941
  74. Cation transport in Escherichia coli. IX. Regulation of K transport.
    J Gen Physiol. 1978 Sep;72(3):283-95 PMID: 359759
  75. Relationship between the OmpC and LamB proteins of Escherichia coli and its influence on the protein mass of the outer membrane.
    J Bacteriol. 1982 Jan;149(1):156-60 PMID: 7033205
  76. Selection of mutations that alter the osmotic control of transcription of the Salmonella typhimurium proU operon.
    J Bacteriol. 1987 Jun;169(6):2449-59 PMID: 3294791
  77. Accumulation of Amino Acids in Rhizobium sp. Strain WR1001 in Response to Sodium Chloride Salinity.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982 Jul;44(1):135-40 PMID: 16346049
  78. Genetic analysis of the proBA genes of Salmonella typhimurium: physical and genetic analyses of the cloned proB+ A+ genes of Escherichia coli and of a mutant allele that confers proline overproduction and enhanced osmotolerance.
    J Bacteriol. 1983 Dec;156(3):1249-62 PMID: 6315682
  79. Glutamine and proline accumulation by Staphylococcus aureus with reduction in water activity.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982 Jun;43(6):1501-3 PMID: 7103493
  80. Proline transport increases growth efficiency in salt-stressed Streptomyces griseus.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984 Jul;48(1):239-41 PMID: 6433794
  81. Purification and characterization of the OmpR protein, a positive regulator involved in osmoregulatory expression of the ompF and ompC genes in Escherichia coli.
    J Biol Chem. 1986 Nov 15;261(32):15252-6 PMID: 3533941
  82. Salt stress control of intracellular solutes in streptomycetes indigenous to saline soils.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984 Feb;47(2):301-6 PMID: 16346472
  83. Primary characterization of the protein products of the Escherichia coli ompB locus: structure and regulation of synthesis of the OmpR and EnvZ proteins.
    J Bacteriol. 1985 Nov;164(2):578-84 PMID: 2997120
  84. A comparative study on the genes for three porins of the Escherichia coli outer membrane. DNA sequence of the osmoregulated ompC gene.
    J Biol Chem. 1983 Jun 10;258(11):6932-40 PMID: 6304064
  85. Characterization of a gamma-glutamyl kinase from Escherichia coli that confers proline overproduction and osmotic tolerance.
    J Bacteriol. 1985 Dec;164(3):1088-93 PMID: 2999068
  86. Temperature-Sensitive Osmotically Fragile Mutants of Staphylococcus aureus.
    J Bacteriol. 1970 Dec;104(3):1401-3 PMID: 16559123
  87. Glutathione and the gated potassium channels of Escherichia coli.
    EMBO J. 1982;1(3):339-43 PMID: 6325160
  88. Glutamate functions in osmoregulation in a marine bacterium.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Jul;38(1):178-80 PMID: 16345412
  89. envZ mediates transcriptional control by local anesthetics but is not required for osmoregulation in Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1984 Sep;159(3):883-7 PMID: 6434513
  90. Ions as regulators of protein-nucleic acid interactions in vitro and in vivo.
    Adv Biophys. 1985;20:109-35 PMID: 3914831
  91. Relationship between solute permeability and osmotic remediability in a galactose-negative strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    J Bacteriol. 1970 Nov;104(2):707-11 PMID: 5489434
  92. Pleiotropic mutations rendering Escherichia coli K-12 resistant to bacteriophage TP1.
    J Bacteriol. 1980 Sep;143(3):1374-83 PMID: 6997269
  93. Molecular analysis of mutant ompR genes exhibiting different phenotypes as to osmoregulation of the ompF and ompC genes of Escherichia coli.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1986 Feb;202(2):194-9 PMID: 3010044
  94. Purification and characterization of a glycine betaine binding protein from Escherichia coli.
    J Biol Chem. 1987 Aug 25;262(24):11841-6 PMID: 3305496
  95. Interaction of OmpR, a positive regulator, with the osmoregulated ompC and ompF genes of Escherichia coli. Studies with wild-type and mutant OmpR proteins.
    J Biol Chem. 1988 Jan 15;263(2):1008-12 PMID: 3275653
  96. Genetics of Kdp, the K+-transport ATPase of Escherichia coli.
    Methods Enzymol. 1988;157:655-67 PMID: 2976470
  97. Properties of Escherichia coli mutants lacking membrane-derived oligosaccharides.
    J Biol Chem. 1988 Oct 15;263(29):14684-9 PMID: 3049584
  98. Factors reducing and promoting the effectiveness of proline as an osmoprotectant in Escherichia coli K12.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1987 Jul;133(7):1851-60 PMID: 3312483
  99. Turgor-controlled K+ fluxes and their pathways in Escherichia coli.
    Eur J Biochem. 1985 Sep 16;151(3):613-9 PMID: 3896791
  100. Chromosomal location of the attachment site for the PA-2 prophage in Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Virol. 1979 Feb;29(2):808-10 PMID: 372562
  101. Regulation of outer membrane protein synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12: deletion of ompC affects expression of the OmpF protein.
    J Bacteriol. 1984 Aug;159(2):555-63 PMID: 6086576
  102. Function of micF as an antisense RNA in osmoregulatory expression of the ompF gene in Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1987 Jul;169(7):3007-12 PMID: 2439487
  103. The stabilization of proteins by osmolytes.
    Biophys J. 1985 Mar;47(3):411-4 PMID: 3978211
  104. Proline porters effect the utilization of proline as nutrient or osmoprotectant for bacteria.
    J Membr Biol. 1988 Dec;106(3):183-202 PMID: 3072423
  105. Protons, osmolytes, and fitness of internal milieu for protein function.
    Am J Physiol. 1986 Aug;251(2 Pt 2):R197-213 PMID: 3017133
  106. Living with water stress: evolution of osmolyte systems.
    Science. 1982 Sep 24;217(4566):1214-22 PMID: 7112124
  107. The regulation of potassium fluxes for the adjustment and maintenance of potassium levels in Escherichia coli.
    Eur J Biochem. 1981 Sep;119(1):165-70 PMID: 7042336
  108. Estimation of the effect of coumermycin A1 on Salmonella typhimurium promoters by using random operon fusions.
    J Bacteriol. 1987 Oct;169(10):4431-5 PMID: 2820924
  109. Role of porins in outer membrane permeability.
    J Bacteriol. 1987 Mar;169(3):929-33 PMID: 2434461
  110. Effects of external osmolarity on phospholipid metabolism in Escherichia coli B.
    J Bacteriol. 1973 Oct;116(1):257-62 PMID: 4583214
  111. A novel suicide vector and its use in construction of insertion mutations: osmoregulation of outer membrane proteins and virulence determinants in Vibrio cholerae requires toxR.
    J Bacteriol. 1988 Jun;170(6):2575-83 PMID: 2836362
  112. Genetic locus (ompB) affecting a major outer-membrane protein in Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Bacteriol. 1977 Oct;132(1):23-7 PMID: 334723
  113. Reduction in three iron-regulated outer membrane proteins and protein a by the Escherichia coli K-12 perA mutation.
    J Bacteriol. 1981 May;146(2):804-7 PMID: 6452446
  114. PERMEABILITY OF ESCHERICHIA COLI TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND INORGANIC SALTS MEASURED BY LIGHT-SCATTERING.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1963 Sep 24;75:257-66 PMID: 14083907
  115. Transcriptional regulation of Escherichia coli K-12 major outer membrane protein 1b.
    J Bacteriol. 1979 Nov;140(2):342-50 PMID: 115844
  116. [A protease of the external membrane of Escherichia coli sensitive to environmental conditions. Its relations with the expression of envZ gene].
    C R Seances Acad Sci III. 1982 Dec 20;295(13):765-70 PMID: 6820310
  117. Domains involved in osmoregulation of the ompF gene in Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1985 Nov;164(2):585-90 PMID: 3902788
  118. Adaptational change in proline and water content of Staphylococcus aureus after alteration of environmental salt concentration.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1978 Mar;35(3):467-70 PMID: 637544
  119. Tensile strength of cell walls of living cells.
    Plant Physiol. 1985 Oct;79(2):485-8 PMID: 16664436
  120. Covalent modification of the glnG product, NRI, by the glnL product, NRII, regulates the transcription of the glnALG operon in Escherichia coli.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Aug;83(16):5909-13 PMID: 2874557
  121. The roles of osmotic stress and water activity in the inhibition of the growth, glycolysis and glucose phosphotransferase system of Clostridium pasteurianum.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1987 Feb;133(2):259-66 PMID: 2821163
  122. Escherichia coli pleiotropic mutant that reduces amounts of several periplasmic and outer membrane proteins.
    J Bacteriol. 1979 Oct;140(1):229-39 PMID: 387722
  123. Biosynthesis of aromatic compounds: 13C NMR spectroscopy of whole Escherichia coli cells.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Oct;79(19):5828-32 PMID: 6136965
  124. Isolation and characterization of mutations altering expression of the major outer membrane porin proteins using the local anaesthetic procaine.
    J Mol Biol. 1983 May 25;166(3):273-82 PMID: 6304323
  125. Molecular biology of osmoregulation.
    Science. 1984 Jun 8;224(4653):1064-8 PMID: 16827211
  126. Biochemical and genetic characterization of osmoregulatory trehalose synthesis in Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1988 Jun;170(6):2841-9 PMID: 3131312
  127. Cloning of the regulatory locus ompB of Salmonella typhimurium LT-2. I. Isolation of the ompR gene and identification of its gene product.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1982;188(2):184-9 PMID: 6296626
  128. Regulation of envelope protein composition during adaptation to osmotic stress in Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1986 Aug;167(2):433-8 PMID: 3015869
  129. Proline over-production results in enhanced osmotolerance in Salmonella typhimurium.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1981;182(1):82-6 PMID: 7022140
  130. OSMOTIC-REMEDIAL MUTANTS. A NEW CLASSIFICATION FOR NUTRITIONAL MUTANTS IN YEAST.
    Genetics. 1964 Nov;50:829-39 PMID: 14239771
  131. Osmotic control of kdp operon expression in Escherichia coli.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jan;78(1):464-8 PMID: 6787588
  132. Accumulation of carbohydrate by Escherichia coli B/r/1 during growth at low water activity.
    J Appl Bacteriol. 1982 Jun;52(3):425-34 PMID: 6749786
  133. Growth phase and ompR regulation of transcription of microcin B17 genes.
    J Bacteriol. 1986 Sep;167(3):1058-65 PMID: 3017916
  134. Influence of molecular size and osmolarity of sugars and dextrans on the synthesis of outer membrane proteins O-8 and O-9 of Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Bacteriol. 1979 Dec;140(3):843-7 PMID: 391802
  135. lac fusion analysis of the bet genes of Escherichia coli: regulation by osmolarity, temperature, oxygen, choline, and glycine betaine.
    J Bacteriol. 1988 Nov;170(11):5208-15 PMID: 3141381
  136. Regulation of cytoplasmic proline levels in Salmonella typhimurium: effect of osmotic stress on synthesis, degradation, and cellular retention of proline.
    J Bacteriol. 1988 May;170(5):2374-8 PMID: 3283109
  137. Potassium-dependant mutants of Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Bacteriol. 1970 Mar;101(3):836-43 PMID: 4908783
  138. Accumulation of trehalose by Escherichia coli K-12 at high osmotic pressure depends on the presence of amber suppressors.
    J Bacteriol. 1988 Aug;170(8):3601-10 PMID: 3042755
  139. Osmotic reversal of temperature sensitivity in Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1973 Jan;113(1):76-81 PMID: 4567143
  140. Coupling between the sodium and proton gradients in respiring Escherichia coli cells measured by 23Na and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance.
    J Biol Chem. 1986 Jun 15;261(17):7797-806 PMID: 3011799
  141. Mutation causing reverse osmoregulation of synthesis of OmpF, a major outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1984 Aug;159(2):688-92 PMID: 6378888
  142. Selection of lac gene fusions in vivo: ompR-lacZ fusions that define a functional domain of the ompR gene product.
    J Bacteriol. 1984 Aug;159(2):750-6 PMID: 6086585
  143. Mutations that define the promoter of ompF, a gene specifying a major outer membrane porin protein.
    J Bacteriol. 1985 Jun;162(3):1054-60 PMID: 2987180
  144. Outer membrane proteins of Escherichia coli. VI. Protein alteration in bacteriophage-resistant mutants.
    J Bacteriol. 1977 Aug;131(2):608-22 PMID: 328489
  145. Choline-glycine betaine pathway confers a high level of osmotic tolerance in Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1986 Mar;165(3):849-55 PMID: 3512525
  146. Protein kinase and phosphoprotein phosphatase activities of nitrogen regulatory proteins NTRB and NTRC of enteric bacteria: roles of the conserved amino-terminal domain of NTRC.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jul;85(14):4976-80 PMID: 2839825
  147. Cation transport in Escherichia coli. VIII. Potassium transport mutants.
    J Gen Physiol. 1976 Mar;67(3):325-41 PMID: 4578
  148. Stereospecific positioning of the cis-acting sequence with respect to the canonical promoter is required for activation of the ompC gene by a positive regulator, OmpR, in Escherichia coli.
    J Mol Biol. 1988 Aug 5;202(3):433-41 PMID: 3050125
  149. Salt transport in Valonia: inhibition of potassium uptake by small hydrostatic pressures.
    Science. 1968 Apr 5;160(3823):68-70 PMID: 5642308
  150. Genetic and biochemical studies on cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis in Escherichia coli K-12.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1969 Aug 15;36(4):682-9 PMID: 4897411
  151. Periplasmic space in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli.
    J Biol Chem. 1977 Nov 10;252(21):7850-61 PMID: 334768
  152. Selection of sucrose-dependent Escherichia coli to obtain envelope mutants and fragile cultures.
    Science. 1966 Aug 19;153(3738):892-4 PMID: 5330706
  153. The amino acid pool in Escherichia coli.
    Bacteriol Rev. 1962 Sep;26:292-335 PMID: 14015559
  154. Osmoregulation of gene expression. I. DNA sequence of the ompR gene of the ompB operon of Escherichia coli and characterization of its gene product.
    J Biol Chem. 1982 Nov 25;257(22):13685-91 PMID: 6292199
  155. Glycine betaine, an osmotic effector in Klebsiella pneumoniae and other members of the Enterobacteriaceae.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1983 Jul;46(1):152-9 PMID: 6351742
  156. Isolation and characterization of delta ompB strains of Escherichia coli by a general method based on gene fusions.
    J Bacteriol. 1985 May;162(2):840-4 PMID: 3157679
  157. Bacterial periplasmic transport systems: structure, mechanism, and evolution.
    Annu Rev Biochem. 1986;55:397-425 PMID: 3527048
  158. Trehalase of Escherichia coli. Mapping and cloning of its structural gene and identification of the enzyme as a periplasmic protein induced under high osmolarity growth conditions.
    J Biol Chem. 1987 Sep 25;262(27):13212-8 PMID: 2820965
  159. Proline porter II is activated by a hyperosmotic shift in both whole cells and membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli K12.
    J Biol Chem. 1988 Oct 15;263(29):14900-5 PMID: 3049595
  160. Cloned structural genes for the osmotically regulated binding-protein-dependent glycine betaine transport system (ProU) of Escherichia coli K-12.
    Mol Microbiol. 1988 Mar;2(2):265-79 PMID: 2837616
  161. Temperature-sensitive, osmotic-remedial mutants of Neurospora crassa: osmotic pressure induced alterations of enzyme stability.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1975;136(1):31-40 PMID: 16094964
  162. An immediate and steep increase in ATP concentration in response to reduced turgor pressure in Escherichia coli B.
    Arch Biochem Biophys. 1987 Nov 15;259(1):157-63 PMID: 3318698
  163. Changes in buoyant density and cell size of Escherichia coli in response to osmotic shocks.
    J Bacteriol. 1988 Jan;170(1):452-5 PMID: 3275627
  164. Influence of environment on the content and composition of microbial free amino acid pools.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1970 Dec;64(2):171-85 PMID: 4995906
  165. Recombinant plasmid conferring proline overproduction and osmotic tolerance.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985 Aug;50(2):441-6 PMID: 2996423
  166. Genetic analysis of the ompB locus in Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Mol Biol. 1981 Sep 5;151(1):1-15 PMID: 6799653
  167. Contrasting mechanisms of envZ control of mal and pho regulon genes in Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1986 Jun;166(3):706-12 PMID: 3011737
  168. Identification of osmoresponsive genes in Escherichia coli: evidence for participation of potassium and proline transport systems in osmoregulation.
    J Bacteriol. 1985 Oct;164(1):434-45 PMID: 2995318
  169. Molecular cloning of an osmoregulatory locus in Escherichia coli: increased proU gene dosage results in enhanced osmotolerance.
    J Bacteriol. 1986 Dec;168(3):1197-204 PMID: 3536868
  170. proP-mediated proline transport also plays a role in Escherichia coli osmoregulation.
    J Bacteriol. 1986 Apr;166(1):331-3 PMID: 3082857
  171. Construction and characterization of a deletion mutant lacking micF, a proposed regulatory gene for OmpF synthesis in Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1985 Jun;162(3):1196-202 PMID: 3888961
  172. A third L-proline permease in Salmonella typhimurium which functions in media of elevated osmotic strength.
    J Bacteriol. 1982 Sep;151(3):1433-43 PMID: 7050090
  173. Novel rpoA mutation that interferes with the function of OmpR and EnvZ, positive regulators of the ompF and ompC genes that code for outer-membrane proteins in Escherichia coli K12.
    J Mol Biol. 1987 Jun 20;195(4):847-53 PMID: 3309342
  174. The sodium and potassium content of non-halophilic bacteria in relation to salt tolerance.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1961 May;25:97-102 PMID: 13693390
  175. Identification of OmpR: a positive regulatory protein controlling expression of the major outer membrane matrix porin proteins of Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Bacteriol. 1981 Jul;147(1):255-8 PMID: 6263866
  176. Salmonella typhimurium proP gene encodes a transport system for the osmoprotectant betaine.
    J Bacteriol. 1985 Dec;164(3):1218-23 PMID: 3905767
  177. Interaction between two regulatory proteins in osmoregulatory expression of ompF and ompC genes in Escherichia coli: a novel ompR mutation suppresses pleiotropic defects caused by an envZ mutation.
    J Bacteriol. 1986 Dec;168(3):1309-14 PMID: 3536870
  178. Isolation and characterization of a substitution mutation in the ompR gene of Salmonella typhimurium LT2.
    J Bacteriol. 1987 Jan;169(1):438-41 PMID: 3539926
  179. Nephelometric determination of turgor pressure in growing gram-negative bacteria.
    J Bacteriol. 1987 Aug;169(8):3654-63 PMID: 3611024
  180. Osmoregulation of gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium: proU encodes an osmotically induced betaine transport system.
    J Bacteriol. 1985 Dec;164(3):1224-32 PMID: 3905768
  181. Positive control of transcription initiation in Escherichia coli. A base substitution at the Pribnow box renders ompF expression independent of a positive regulator.
    J Mol Biol. 1985 Jul 5;184(1):1-6 PMID: 3897552
  182. Temperature dependence of the rate constants of the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase-lambda PR promoter interaction. Assignment of the kinetic steps corresponding to protein conformational change and DNA opening.
    J Mol Biol. 1985 Aug 5;184(3):441-53 PMID: 3900414
  183. Cation transport in Escherichia coli. VI. K exchange.
    J Gen Physiol. 1966 Jan;49(3):469-81 PMID: 5328217
  184. Osmoregulatory salt transporting mechanisms: control of cell volume in anisotonic media.
    Annu Rev Physiol. 1981;43:493-505 PMID: 7011197
  185. Influence of osmolarity of the growth medium on the outer membrane protein pattern of Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1977 Aug;131(2):623-30 PMID: 328490
  186. EnvZ functions through OmpR to control porin gene expression in Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Bacteriol. 1988 Jan;170(1):439-41 PMID: 2826400
  187. Osmotic stress drastically inhibits active transport of carbohydrates by Escherichia coli.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1985 Jan 16;126(1):434-41 PMID: 3882087
  188. Unusual solution properties of proline and its interaction with proteins.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 1978 Jun 15;541(2):270-7 PMID: 667127
  189. Temperature-sensitive osmotic remedial mutants of Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1972 Nov;112(2):661-5 PMID: 4563969
  190. Repair of multiple defects of a regulatory mutant of Neurospora by high osmotic pressure and by reversion.
    Arch Biochem Biophys. 1968 May;125(2):532-41 PMID: 5656807
  191. Role of amino acids in osmoregulation of non-halophilic bacteria.
    Nature. 1975 Oct 2;257(5525):398-400 PMID: 241020
  192. cis-acting sites required for osmoregulation of ompF expression in Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Bacteriol. 1986 Dec;168(3):1165-71 PMID: 3536866
  193. Shrinkage of growing Escherichia coli cells by osmotic challenge.
    J Bacteriol. 1984 Sep;159(3):919-24 PMID: 6384186
  194. Molecular cloning, physical mapping and expression of the bet genes governing the osmoregulatory choline-glycine betaine pathway of Escherichia coli.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1988 Jun;134(6):1737-46 PMID: 3065456
  195. Identification of the outer membrane protein of E. coli that produces transmembrane channels in reconstituted vesicle membranes.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1976 Aug 9;71(3):877-84 PMID: 786294
  196. On the growth and form of Escherichia coli.
    J Gen Microbiol. 1982 Nov;128(11):2527-39 PMID: 6759615
  197. Osmotic regulation of transcription: induction of the proU betaine transport gene is dependent on accumulation of intracellular potassium.
    J Bacteriol. 1986 Nov;168(2):805-14 PMID: 3536861
  198. Studies on the expression of outer membrane protein 2 in escherichia coli.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1982;188(1):139-42 PMID: 6757670
  199. Thermodynamic origins of specificity in the lac repressor-operator interaction. Adaptability in the recognition of mutant operator sites.
    J Mol Biol. 1985 Nov 20;186(2):295-305 PMID: 4087296
  200. Effects of pH and repellent tactic stimuli on protein methylation levels in Escherichia coli.
    J Bacteriol. 1982 Oct;152(1):384-99 PMID: 6749812
  201. Outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. XVIII. Electron microscopic studies on porin insertion sites and growth of cell surface of Salmonella typhimurium.
    J Bacteriol. 1978 Aug;135(2):687-702 PMID: 355240
  202. Cloning of the regulatory locus ompB of Salmonella typhimurium LT-2. II. Identification of the envZ gene product, a protein involved in the expression of the porin proteins.
    Mol Gen Genet. 1982;188(2):190-4 PMID: 6296627
  203. Is there an osmotic regulatory mechanism in algae and higher plants?
    J Theor Biol. 1977 Sep 7;68(1):17-26 PMID: 916702
  204. Proline uptake by disrupted membrane preparations from Escherichia coli.
    Arch Biochem Biophys. 1969 Jun;132(1):118-29 PMID: 4893409
  205. Two proline porters in Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Bacteriol. 1983 Nov;156(2):481-6 PMID: 6355059
  206. Biochemistry and regulation of a second L-proline transport system in Salmonella typhimurium.
    J Bacteriol. 1980 Mar;141(3):1071-6 PMID: 6988401
  207. Phosphorylation of three proteins in the signaling pathway of bacterial chemotaxis.
    Cell. 1988 Apr 8;53(1):79-87 PMID: 3280143
  208. Role of micF in the tolC-mediated regulation of OmpF, a major outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli K-12.
    J Bacteriol. 1987 Oct;169(10):4722-30 PMID: 2443485
  209. Mechanisms determining aerobic or anaerobic growth in the facultative anaerobe Salmonella typhimurium.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Apr;82(7):2077-81 PMID: 2984680
  210. Selection, mapping, and characterization of osmoregulatory mutants of Escherichia coli blocked in the choline-glycine betaine pathway.
    J Bacteriol. 1986 Mar;165(3):856-63 PMID: 3512526
Article Info
Journal
Microbiological reviews
Abbr.
Microbiol Rev
ISSN
0146-0749
DOI
10.1128/mr.53.1.121-147.1989
Published
1989-03-00
Pages
121-47
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
7806086
PMCID
PMC372720
Subset
IM
Grants
NIGMS NIH HHS · R01-GM 3194401 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1128/mr.53.1.121-147.1989 PMC Full Text
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2