Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 15333753 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Validation Study

AraPerox. A database of putative Arabidopsis proteins from plant peroxisomes.

Plant physiology ·Vol. 136 ·No. 1 ·2004-09-00 ·Pages 2587-608

Reumann S, Ma C, Lemke S, Babujee L

Abstract

To identify unknown proteins from plant peroxisomes, the Arabidopsis genome was screened for proteins with putative major or minor peroxisome targeting signals type 1 or 2 (PTS1 or PTS2), as defined previously (Reumann S [2004] Plant Physiol 135: 783-800). About 220 and 60 proteins were identified that carry a putative PTS1 or PTS2, respectively. To further support postulated targeting to peroxisomes, several prediction programs were applied and the putative targeting domains analyzed for properties conserved in peroxisomal proteins and for PTS conservation in homologous plant expressed sequence tags. The majority of proteins with a major PTS and medium to high overall probability of peroxisomal targeting represent novel nonhypothetical proteins and include several enzymes involved in beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and branched amino acids, and 2-hydroxy acid oxidases with a predicted function in fatty acid alpha-oxidation, as well as NADP-dependent dehydrogenases and reductases. In addition, large protein families with many putative peroxisomal isoforms were recognized, including acyl-activating enzymes, GDSL lipases, and small thioesterases. Several proteins are homologous to prokaryotic enzymes of a novel aerobic hybrid degradation pathway for aromatic compounds and proposed to be involved in peroxisomal biosynthesis of plant hormones like jasmonic acid, auxin, and salicylic acid. Putative regulatory proteins of plant peroxisomes include protein kinases, small heat shock proteins, and proteases. The information on subcellular targeting prediction, homology, and in silico expression analysis for these Arabidopsis proteins has been compiled in the public database AraPerox to accelerate discovery and experimental investigation of novel metabolic and regulatory pathways of plant peroxisomes.

MeSH Terms
Amino Acid Sequence Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/metabolism Arabidopsis/genetics,metabolism Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics,metabolism Computational Biology Databases, Protein Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism Genome, Plant Genomics Molecular Sequence Data NADP/metabolism Nitrogen/metabolism Peroxisomes/metabolism Phylogeny Plant Growth Regulators/metabolism Protein Sorting Signals/genetics Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Chemicals
Amino Acids, Branched-Chain Arabidopsis Proteins Fatty Acids, Unsaturated Plant Growth Regulators Protein Sorting Signals NADP Nitrogen
Authors & Affiliations
4 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Reumann Sigrun
Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department for Plant Biochemistry, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany. [email protected]
Ma Changle
Lemke Steffen
Babujee Lavanya
References (111)
111 references, click to expand
  1. Characterization of a single soybean cDNA encoding cytosolic and glyoxysomal isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase.
    Plant Mol Biol. 1998 May;37(1):99-108 PMID: 9620268
  2. Jasmonate response locus JAR1 and several related Arabidopsis genes encode enzymes of the firefly luciferase superfamily that show activity on jasmonic, salicylic, and indole-3-acetic acids in an assay for adenylation.
    Plant Cell. 2002 Jun;14(6):1405-15 PMID: 12084835
  3. Extensive feature detection of N-terminal protein sorting signals.
    Bioinformatics. 2002 Feb;18(2):298-305 PMID: 11847077
  4. Experimental analysis of the Arabidopsis mitochondrial proteome highlights signaling and regulatory components, provides assessment of targeting prediction programs, and indicates plant-specific mitochondrial proteins.
    Plant Cell. 2004 Jan;16(1):241-56 PMID: 14671022
  5. The difference in recognition of terminal tripeptides as peroxisomal targeting signal 1 between yeast and human is due to different affinities of their receptor Pex5p to the cognate signal and to residues adjacent to it.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 11;273(50):33635-43 PMID: 9837948
  6. The glyoxysomal and plastid molecular chaperones (70-kDa heat shock protein) of watermelon cotyledons are encoded by a single gene.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Dec 9;94(25):13624-9 PMID: 9391076
  7. Bacterial lipolytic enzymes: classification and properties.
    Biochem J. 1999 Oct 1;343 Pt 1:177-83 PMID: 10493927
  8. Peroxisomal Acyl-CoA synthetase activity is essential for seedling development in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Plant Cell. 2004 Feb;16(2):394-405 PMID: 14742880
  9. Changes in targeting efficiencies of proteins to plant microbodies caused by amino acid substitutions in the carboxy-terminal tripeptide.
    Plant Cell Physiol. 1997 Jun;38(6):759-68 PMID: 9249991
  10. Ascorbate peroxidase. A prominent membrane protein in oilseed glyoxysomes.
    Plant Physiol. 1996 Feb;110(2):589-98 PMID: 8742335
  11. Superoxide dismutase in Arabidopsis: an eclectic enzyme family with disparate regulation and protein localization.
    Plant Physiol. 1998 Oct;118(2):637-50 PMID: 9765550
  12. Identification and expression of a cDNA for human glycolate oxidase.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Sep 7;1493(1-2):246-8 PMID: 10978532
  13. Prediction of peroxisomal targeting signal 1 containing proteins from amino acid sequence.
    J Mol Biol. 2003 May 2;328(3):581-92 PMID: 12706718
  14. The active site of spinach glycolate oxidase.
    J Biol Chem. 1989 Feb 25;264(6):3624-8 PMID: 2644287
  15. Peroxisomal beta-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: isocitrate dehydrogenase provides NADPH for reduction of double bonds at even positions.
    EMBO J. 1998 Feb 2;17(3):677-87 PMID: 9450993
  16. The membrane of peroxisomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is impermeable to NAD(H) and acetyl-CoA under in vivo conditions.
    EMBO J. 1995 Jul 17;14(14):3480-6 PMID: 7628449
  17. Brassica napus cDNAs encoding fatty acyl-CoA synthetase.
    Plant Mol Biol. 1997 Mar;33(5):911-22 PMID: 9106514
  18. A novel, cleavable peroxisomal targeting signal at the amino-terminus of the rat 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase.
    EMBO J. 1991 Nov;10(11):3255-62 PMID: 1680677
  19. Characterisation of human peroxisomal 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001 Aug 29;1533(1):66-72 PMID: 11514237
  20. Plant eR genes that encode photorespiratory enzymes confer resistance against disease.
    Plant Cell. 2004 Jan;16(1):172-84 PMID: 14688292
  21. Computational method to predict mitochondrially imported proteins and their targeting sequences.
    Eur J Biochem. 1996 Nov 1;241(3):779-86 PMID: 8944766
  22. Genomic identification and biochemical characterization of the mammalian polyamine oxidase involved in polyamine back-conversion.
    Biochem J. 2003 Feb 15;370(Pt 1):19-28 PMID: 12477380
  23. Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant systems and nitric oxide in peroxisomes.
    J Exp Bot. 2002 May;53(372):1255-72 PMID: 11997374
  24. Identification and characterization of HAOX1, HAOX2, and HAOX3, three human peroxisomal 2-hydroxy acid oxidases.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Apr 28;275(17):12590-7 PMID: 10777549
  25. The structure of 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase from arthrobacter sp. strain SU.
    J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 31;278(44):43709-16 PMID: 12907670
  26. Functional differentiation of peroxisomes revealed by expression profiles of peroxisomal genes in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Plant Cell Physiol. 2003 Dec;44(12):1275-89 PMID: 14701923
  27. Catabolism of phenylacetic acid in Escherichia coli. Characterization of a new aerobic hybrid pathway.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Oct 2;273(40):25974-86 PMID: 9748275
  28. Evidence for the Presence of a Porin in the Membrane of Glyoxysomes of Castor Bean.
    Plant Physiol. 1997 Nov;115(3):891-899 PMID: 12223852
  29. Predicting subcellular localization of proteins based on their N-terminal amino acid sequence.
    J Mol Biol. 2000 Jul 21;300(4):1005-16 PMID: 10891285
  30. Crystal structure of a small heat-shock protein.
    Nature. 1998 Aug 6;394(6693):595-9 PMID: 9707123
  31. Purification and properties of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from Avena sativa.
    J Plant Res. 2003 Apr;116(2):133-40 PMID: 12736784
  32. DBSubLoc: database of protein subcellular localization.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 2004 Jan 1;32(Database issue):D122-4 PMID: 14681374
  33. Expression of a betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene in rice, a glycinebetaine nonaccumulator, and possible localization of its protein in peroxisomes.
    Plant J. 1997 May;11(5):1115-20 PMID: 9193078
  34. Identification of peroxisomal targeting signal of pumpkin catalase and the binding analysis with PTS1 receptor.
    Plant J. 2003 Jan;33(1):161-75 PMID: 12943550
  35. Induction of the arginine decarboxylase ADC2 gene provides evidence for the involvement of polyamines in the wound response in Arabidopsis.
    Plant Physiol. 2002 Nov;130(3):1454-63 PMID: 12428010
  36. Multiple distinct targeting signals in integral peroxisomal membrane proteins.
    J Cell Biol. 2001 Jun 11;153(6):1141-50 PMID: 11402059
  37. Arabidopsis contains a large superfamily of acyl-activating enzymes. Phylogenetic and biochemical analysis reveals a new class of acyl-coenzyme a synthetases.
    Plant Physiol. 2003 Jun;132(2):1065-76 PMID: 12805634
  38. Arabidopsis NDK1 is a component of ROS signaling by interacting with three catalases.
    Plant Cell Physiol. 2003 Oct;44(10):982-9 PMID: 14581623
  39. Betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase from amaranth leaves efficiently catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of dimethylsulfoniopropionaldehyde to dimethylsulfoniopropionate.
    Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997 Jan 1;337(1):81-8 PMID: 8990271
  40. A dehydrogenase-mediated recycling system of NADPH in plant peroxisomes.
    Biochem J. 1998 Mar 1;330 ( Pt 2):777-84 PMID: 9480890
  41. Peroxisomal NADP-Dependent Isocitrate Dehydrogenase. Characterization and Activity Regulation during Natural Senescence.
    Plant Physiol. 1999 Nov;121(3):921-928 PMID: 10557241
  42. Identification and characterization of a GDSL esterase gene located proximal to the swr quorum-sensing system of Serratia liquefaciens MG1.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Jul;69(7):3901-10 PMID: 12839759
  43. Long-chain acyl-CoA oxidases of Arabidopsis.
    Plant J. 1999 Oct;20(1):1-13 PMID: 10571860
  44. Identification of PTE2, a human peroxisomal long-chain acyl-CoA thioesterase.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Aug 18;275(1):233-40 PMID: 10944470
  45. A conserved tripeptide sorts proteins to peroxisomes.
    J Cell Biol. 1989 May;108(5):1657-64 PMID: 2654139
  46. The Arabidopsis male-sterile mutant, opr3, lacks the 12-oxophytodienoic acid reductase required for jasmonate synthesis.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Sep 12;97(19):10625-30 PMID: 10973494
  47. Novel glyoxysomal protein kinase, GPK1, identified by proteomic analysis of glyoxysomes in etiolated cotyledons of Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Plant Cell Physiol. 2003 Oct;44(10):1002-12 PMID: 14581625
  48. Evidence for the Presence of the Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle in Mitochondria and Peroxisomes of Pea Leaves.
    Plant Physiol. 1997 May;114(1):275-284 PMID: 12223704
  49. In silico prediction of the peroxisomal proteome in fungi, plants and animals.
    J Mol Biol. 2003 Jul 4;330(2):443-56 PMID: 12823981
  50. Domains of the tetrafunctional protein acting in glyoxysomal fatty acid beta-oxidation. Demonstration of epimerase and isomerase activities on a peptide lacking hydratase activity.
    J Biol Chem. 1994 Aug 12;269(32):20475-81 PMID: 8051146
  51. Motif refinement of the peroxisomal targeting signal 1 and evaluation of taxon-specific differences.
    J Mol Biol. 2003 May 2;328(3):567-79 PMID: 12706717
  52. Arabidopsis contains nine long-chain acyl-coenzyme a synthetase genes that participate in fatty acid and glycerolipid metabolism.
    Plant Physiol. 2002 Aug;129(4):1710-22 PMID: 12177484
  53. Proteomics of the chloroplast: systematic identification and targeting analysis of lumenal and peripheral thylakoid proteins.
    Plant Cell. 2000 Mar;12(3):319-41 PMID: 10715320
  54. A novel variant of the catalytic triad in the Streptomyces scabies esterase.
    Nat Struct Biol. 1995 Mar;2(3):218-23 PMID: 7773790
  55. Mutational analyses of a type 2 peroxisomal targeting signal that is capable of directing oligomeric protein import into tobacco BY-2 glyoxysomes.
    Plant J. 1998 Dec;16(6):709-20 PMID: 10069077
  56. A novel acyl-CoA oxidase that can oxidize short-chain acyl-CoA in plant peroxisomes.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Apr 30;274(18):12715-21 PMID: 10212254
  57. Analysis of the carboxyl-terminal peroxisomal targeting signal 1 in a homologous context in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    J Biol Chem. 1996 Oct 18;271(42):26375-82 PMID: 8824293
  58. The three-dimensional structure of 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase from Pseudomonas sp. Strain CBS-3.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 11;273(50):33572-9 PMID: 9837940
  59. Toward a functional catalog of the plant genome. A survey of genes for lipid biosynthesis.
    Plant Physiol. 2000 Feb;122(2):389-402 PMID: 10677432
  60. Identification and analysis of the plant peroxisomal targeting signal 1 receptor NtPEX5.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Oct 27;95(22):13336-41 PMID: 9789089
  61. Oxidation of NADH in Glyoxysomes by a Malate-Aspartate Shuttle.
    Plant Physiol. 1980 Oct;66(4):555-60 PMID: 16661476
  62. The mouse gene PDCR encodes a peroxisomal delta(2), delta(4)-dienoyl-CoA reductase.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Sep 3;274(36):25814-20 PMID: 10464321
  63. Better prediction of protein cellular localization sites with the k nearest neighbors classifier.
    Proc Int Conf Intell Syst Mol Biol. 1997;5:147-52 PMID: 9322029
  64. Cloning and sequence analysis of genes for dehalogenation of 4-chlorobenzoate from Arthrobacter sp. strain SU.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992 Dec;58(12):4068-71 PMID: 1476446
  65. The membrane-bound DnaJ protein located at the cytosolic site of glyoxysomes specifically binds the cytosolic isoform 1 of Hsp70 but not other Hsp70 species.
    Eur J Biochem. 2000 Feb;267(3):746-54 PMID: 10651811
  66. Gene and protein characterization of the human glutathione S-transferase kappa and evidence for a peroxisomal localization.
    J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 16;279(16):16246-53 PMID: 14742434
  67. Genetic approaches to the cellular functions of polyamines in mammals.
    Eur J Biochem. 2004 Mar;271(5):877-94 PMID: 15009201
  68. Molecular cloning of mouse glycolate oxidase. High evolutionary conservation and presence of an iron-responsive element-like sequence in the mRNA.
    J Biol Chem. 1999 Jan 22;274(4):2401-7 PMID: 9891009
  69. The lipoxygenase pathway.
    Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2002;53:275-97 PMID: 12221977
  70. Peroxisomes as a source of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide signal molecules in plant cells.
    Trends Plant Sci. 2001 Apr;6(4):145-50 PMID: 11286918
  71. Classification and expression analysis of Arabidopsis F-box-containing protein genes.
    Plant Cell Physiol. 2002 Oct;43(10):1073-85 PMID: 12407186
  72. ACX3, a novel medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A oxidase from Arabidopsis.
    Plant Physiol. 2000 Jun;123(2):733-42 PMID: 10859203
  73. Proteomic analysis of leaf peroxisomal proteins in greening cotyledons of Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Plant Cell Physiol. 2002 Jul;43(7):689-96 PMID: 12154131
  74. chy1, an Arabidopsis mutant with impaired beta-oxidation, is defective in a peroxisomal beta-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase.
    J Biol Chem. 2001 Aug 17;276(33):31037-46 PMID: 11404361
  75. Permeability properties of the porin of spinach leaf peroxisomes.
    Eur J Biochem. 1998 Jan 15;251(1-2):359-66 PMID: 9492305
  76. A defect in beta-oxidation causes abnormal inflorescence development in Arabidopsis.
    Plant Cell. 1999 Oct;11(10):1911-24 PMID: 10521521
  77. sHsps and their role in the chaperone network.
    Cell Mol Life Sci. 2002 Oct;59(10):1649-57 PMID: 12475175
  78. Molecular cloning and characterization of aldehyde oxidases in Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Plant Cell Physiol. 1998 Apr;39(4):433-42 PMID: 9615466
  79. Proteomic analysis of rat liver peroxisome: presence of peroxisome-specific isozyme of Lon protease.
    J Biol Chem. 2004 Jan 2;279(1):421-8 PMID: 14561759
  80. Empirical analysis of transcriptional activity in the Arabidopsis genome.
    Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):842-6 PMID: 14593172
  81. Identification of the cDNA encoding human 6-phosphogluconolactonase, the enzyme catalyzing the second step of the pentose phosphate pathway(1).
    FEBS Lett. 1999 Oct 8;459(2):223-6 PMID: 10518023
  82. Abscisic aldehyde oxidase in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Plant J. 2000 Aug;23(4):481-8 PMID: 10972874
  83. Peroxisomal degradation of branched-chain 2-oxo acids.
    Plant Physiol. 1989 Dec;91(4):1387-92 PMID: 16667190
  84. Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
    Nature. 2000 Dec 14;408(6814):796-815 PMID: 11130711
  85. Investigation of the oligomeric status of the peroxisomal isoform of human 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase.
    Arch Biochem Biophys. 2002 Dec 15;408(2):286-94 PMID: 12464283
  86. Pathways of straight and branched chain fatty acid catabolism in higher plants.
    Prog Lipid Res. 2002 Mar;41(2):156-81 PMID: 11755682
  87. IDP3 encodes a peroxisomal NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase required for the beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Feb 6;273(6):3702-11 PMID: 9452501
  88. The primary structure of spinach glycolate oxidase deduced from the DNA sequence of a cDNA clone.
    J Biol Chem. 1987 Nov 25;262(33):15825-8 PMID: 2824469
  89. Role of polyamines and ethylene as modulators of plant senescence.
    J Biosci. 2000 Sep;25(3):291-9 PMID: 11022232
  90. Identification of the peroxisomal targeting signal for cottonseed catalase.
    Plant J. 1997 Aug;12(2):313-22 PMID: 9301084
  91. Specification of the peroxisome targeting signals type 1 and type 2 of plant peroxisomes by bioinformatics analyses.
    Plant Physiol. 2004 Jun;135(2):783-800 PMID: 15208424
  92. Stress induces peroxisome biogenesis genes.
    EMBO J. 2000 Dec 15;19(24):6770-7 PMID: 11118212
  93. Hydrogen peroxide homeostasis: activation of plant catalase by calcium/calmodulin.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Mar 19;99(6):4097-102 PMID: 11891305
  94. Polyamines: small molecules triggering pathways in plant growth and development.
    Plant Physiol. 1997 Apr;113(4):1009-13 PMID: 9112764
  95. Subcellular targeting of nine calcium-dependent protein kinase isoforms from Arabidopsis.
    Plant Physiol. 2003 Aug;132(4):1840-8 PMID: 12913141
  96. The expanding family of Arabidopsis thaliana small heat stress proteins and a new family of proteins containing alpha-crystallin domains (Acd proteins).
    Cell Stress Chaperones. 2001 Jul;6(3):225-37 PMID: 11599564
  97. Delta3,5-delta2,4-dienoyl-CoA isomerase from rat liver. Molecular characterization.
    J Biol Chem. 1998 Jan 2;273(1):349-55 PMID: 9417087
  98. Characterization of an acyl-coA thioesterase that functions as a major regulator of peroxisomal lipid metabolism.
    J Biol Chem. 2002 Jan 11;277(2):1128-38 PMID: 11673457
  99. A novel lipolytic enzyme located in the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
    J Bacteriol. 1999 Nov;181(22):6977-86 PMID: 10559163
  100. The predominant protein in peroxisomal cores of sunflower cotyledons is a catalase that differs in primary structure from the catalase in the peroxisomal matrix.
    Eur J Biochem. 1997 Apr 15;245(2):402-10 PMID: 9151971
  101. The peroxisome: orchestrating important developmental decisions from inside the cell.
    J Cell Biol. 2004 Mar 1;164(5):641-5 PMID: 14981090
  102. Cloning, sequencing, and heterologous expression of the murine peroxisomal flavoprotein, N1-acetylated polyamine oxidase.
    J Biol Chem. 2003 Jun 6;278(23):20514-25 PMID: 12660232
  103. Diverse amino acid residues function within the type 1 peroxisomal targeting signal. Implications for the role of accessory residues upstream of the type 1 peroxisomal targeting signal.
    Plant Physiol. 1997 Nov;115(3):881-9 PMID: 9390426
  104. Characterisation of a homogeneous plant aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase.
    Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Jul 14;1480(1-2):329-41 PMID: 11004571
  105. Biochemical and molecular characterization of ACH2, an acyl-CoA thioesterase from Arabidopsis thaliana.
    J Biol Chem. 2004 Feb 27;279(9):7487-94 PMID: 14660652
  106. Expert system for predicting protein localization sites in gram-negative bacteria.
    Proteins. 1991;11(2):95-110 PMID: 1946347
  107. Promoter trapping of a novel medium-chain acyl-CoA oxidase, which is induced transcriptionally during Arabidopsis seed germination.
    J Biol Chem. 2000 Nov 3;275(44):34375-81 PMID: 10918060
  108. Peroxisomal degradation of trans-unsaturated fatty acids in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    J Biol Chem. 2001 Jan 12;276(2):895-903 PMID: 11032827
  109. Two long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases from Arabidopsis thaliana involved in peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation.
    Plant J. 2002 Oct;32(1):93-103 PMID: 12366803
  110. Catalase is a sink for H2O2 and is indispensable for stress defence in C3 plants.
    EMBO J. 1997 Aug 15;16(16):4806-16 PMID: 9305623
  111. Glyoxysomal malate dehydrogenase in pumpkin: cloning of a cDNA and functional analysis of its presequence.
    Plant Cell Physiol. 1998 Feb;39(2):186-95 PMID: 9559562
Article Info
Journal
Plant physiology
Abbr.
Plant Physiol
ISSN
0032-0889
DOI
10.1104/pp.104.043695
Email
[email protected]
Published
2004-09-00
Epub
2004-00-27
Pages
2587-608
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
0401224
PMCID
PMC523325
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.043695 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2