Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 19637199 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

Natural killer cells remember: an evolutionary bridge between innate and adaptive immunity?

European journal of immunology ·Vol. 39 ·No. 8 ·2009-08-00 ·Pages 2059-64

Sun JC, Lanier LL

Abstract

Since their discovery three decades ago, NK cells have been classified as cells of the innate immune system. NK cells were shown to respond rapidly and non-specifically to infection, and were thought to act as a functional "bridge" to sustain the early innate immune response until the later adaptive immune responses could be mounted. In light of new findings showing how NK cells possess nearly all of the features of adaptive immunity including memory, we propose the placement of NK cells as an "evolutionary bridge" between innate and adaptive immunity.

MeSH Terms
Animals B-Lymphocytes/immunology Disease Models, Animal Humans Immunity, Innate/immunology Immunologic Memory/immunology Infections/immunology Killer Cells, Natural/immunology Models, Immunological T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Authors & Affiliations
2 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Sun Joseph C
Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA.
Lanier Lewis L
References (46)
46 references, click to expand
  1. Gene-specific control of inflammation by TLR-induced chromatin modifications.
    Nature. 2007 Jun 21;447(7147):972-8 PMID: 17538624
  2. Shaping and reshaping CD8+ T-cell memory.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2008 Feb;8(2):107-19 PMID: 18219309
  3. T cell- and B cell-independent adaptive immunity mediated by natural killer cells.
    Nat Immunol. 2006 May;7(5):507-16 PMID: 16617337
  4. On the origins of adaptive immunity: innate immune receptors join the tale.
    Trends Immunol. 2004 Jan;25(1):11-6 PMID: 14698279
  5. "Natural" killer cells in the mouse. II. Cytotoxic cells with specificity for mouse Moloney leukemia cells. Characteristics of the killer cell.
    Eur J Immunol. 1975 Feb;5(2):117-21 PMID: 1086218
  6. Expansion of CD94/NKG2C+ NK cells in response to human cytomegalovirus-infected fibroblasts.
    Blood. 2006 May 1;107(9):3624-31 PMID: 16384928
  7. Ly49P recognition of cytomegalovirus-infected cells expressing H2-Dk and CMV-encoded m04 correlates with the NK cell antiviral response.
    J Exp Med. 2009 Mar 16;206(3):515-23 PMID: 19255146
  8. Tolerance of NK cells encountering their viral ligand during development.
    J Exp Med. 2008 Aug 4;205(8):1819-28 PMID: 18606858
  9. A shared gene-expression signature in innate-like lymphocytes.
    Immunol Rev. 2006 Apr;210:52-66 PMID: 16623764
  10. Recognition of a virus-encoded ligand by a natural killer cell activation receptor.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jun 25;99(13):8826-31 PMID: 12060703
  11. In search of the 'missing self': MHC molecules and NK cell recognition.
    Immunol Today. 1990 Jul;11(7):237-44 PMID: 2201309
  12. Primordial emergence of the recombination activating gene 1 (RAG1): sequence of the complete shark gene indicates homology to microbial integrases.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Sep 3;93(18):9454-9 PMID: 8790351
  13. Cytokine-induced memory-like natural killer cells.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Feb 10;106(6):1915-9 PMID: 19181844
  14. Natural selection drives recurrent formation of activating killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor and Ly49 from inhibitory homologues.
    J Exp Med. 2005 Apr 18;201(8):1319-32 PMID: 15837816
  15. Specific and nonspecific NK cell activation during virus infection.
    Nat Immunol. 2001 Oct;2(10):951-6 PMID: 11550009
  16. T cell memory.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 2002;20:551-79 PMID: 11861612
  17. Molecular and functional profiling of memory CD8 T cell differentiation.
    Cell. 2002 Dec 13;111(6):837-51 PMID: 12526810
  18. Licensing of natural killer cells by host major histocompatibility complex class I molecules.
    Nature. 2005 Aug 4;436(7051):709-13 PMID: 16079848
  19. Imprint of human cytomegalovirus infection on the NK cell receptor repertoire.
    Blood. 2004 Dec 1;104(12):3664-71 PMID: 15304389
  20. New insights into V(D)J recombination and its role in the evolution of the immune system.
    Immunity. 1995 Nov;3(5):531-9 PMID: 7584143
  21. Selecting and maintaining a diverse T-cell repertoire.
    Nature. 1999 Nov 18;402(6759):255-62 PMID: 10580495
  22. Interferon-alpha/beta inhibition of interleukin 12 and interferon-gamma production in vitro and endogenously during viral infection.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jan 21;94(2):634-9 PMID: 9012836
  23. Characterization of early IL-12, IFN-alphabeta, and TNF effects on antiviral state and NK cell responses during murine cytomegalovirus infection.
    J Immunol. 1996 Jun 15;156(12):4746-56 PMID: 8648121
  24. NK cell recognition.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 2005;23:225-74 PMID: 15771571
  25. Human cytomegalovirus infection is associated with increased proportions of NK cells that express the CD94/NKG2C receptor in aviremic HIV-1-positive patients.
    J Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 1;194(1):38-41 PMID: 16741880
  26. Human NK cells can control CMV infection in the absence of T cells.
    Blood. 2008 Aug 1;112(3):914-5 PMID: 18650467
  27. Selective rejection of H-2-deficient lymphoma variants suggests alternative immune defence strategy.
    Nature. 1986 Feb 20-26;319(6055):675-8 PMID: 3951539
  28. Memory CD8+ T cells provide an early source of IFN-gamma.
    J Immunol. 2003 Mar 1;170(5):2399-408 PMID: 12594263
  29. Ly-49D and Ly-49H associate with mouse DAP12 and form activating receptors.
    J Immunol. 1998 Jul 1;161(1):7-10 PMID: 9647200
  30. Interplay of natural killer cells and their receptors with the adaptive immune response.
    Nat Immunol. 2004 Oct;5(10):996-1002 PMID: 15454923
  31. The phylogenetic origins of the antigen-binding receptors and somatic diversification mechanisms.
    Immunol Rev. 2004 Aug;200:12-22 PMID: 15242392
  32. Back to the future--defining NK cells and T cells.
    Eur J Immunol. 2007 Jun;37(6):1424-6 PMID: 17523211
  33. Continuous engagement of a self-specific activation receptor induces NK cell tolerance.
    J Exp Med. 2008 Aug 4;205(8):1829-41 PMID: 18606857
  34. Bystander activation of CD8+ T cells contributes to the rapid production of IFN-gamma in response to bacterial pathogens.
    J Immunol. 2001 Jan 15;166(2):1097-105 PMID: 11145690
  35. Cutting edge: viral infection breaks NK cell tolerance to "missing self".
    J Immunol. 2008 Dec 1;181(11):7453-7 PMID: 19017932
  36. Effector and memory CTL differentiation.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 2007;25:171-92 PMID: 17129182
  37. On the origins of the adaptive immune system: novel insights from invertebrates and cold-blooded vertebrates.
    Trends Immunol. 2004 Feb;25(2):105-11 PMID: 15102370
  38. Adaptive immune features of natural killer cells.
    Nature. 2009 Jan 29;457(7229):557-61 PMID: 19136945
  39. Autoreactivity by design: innate B and T lymphocytes.
    Nat Rev Immunol. 2001 Dec;1(3):177-86 PMID: 11905826
  40. Direct recognition of cytomegalovirus by activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors.
    Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1323-6 PMID: 11950999
  41. Evolution of innate and adaptive immunity: can we draw a line?
    Trends Immunol. 2004 Dec;25(12):640-4 PMID: 15530832
  42. Gain of virulence caused by loss of a gene in murine cytomegalovirus.
    J Virol. 2004 Jul;78(14):7536-44 PMID: 15220428
  43. "Natural" killer cells in the mouse. I. Cytotoxic cells with specificity for mouse Moloney leukemia cells. Specificity and distribution according to genotype.
    Eur J Immunol. 1975 Feb;5(2):112-7 PMID: 1234049
  44. Memory CD8+ T cells provide innate immune protection against Listeria monocytogenes in the absence of cognate antigen.
    J Exp Med. 2003 Nov 17;198(10):1583-93 PMID: 14623912
  45. A subset of natural killer cells achieves self-tolerance without expressing inhibitory receptors specific for self-MHC molecules.
    Blood. 2005 Jun 1;105(11):4416-23 PMID: 15728129
  46. Structural elucidation of the m157 mouse cytomegalovirus ligand for Ly49 natural killer cell receptors.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jun 12;104(24):10128-33 PMID: 17537914
Article Info
Journal
European journal of immunology
Abbr.
Eur J Immunol
ISSN
1521-4141
Published
2009-08-00
Pages
2059-64
Language
English
Region
Germany
NLM ID
1273201
PMCID
PMC2819266
Subset
IM
Grants
NIAID NIH HHS · AI066897 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · CA095137 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · AI64520 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · P01 AI064520-050002 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · R37 AI066897-06 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · R01 AI068129 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · R37 AI066897 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · R01 CA095137 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · AI068129 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · P01 AI064520 · United States
NCI NIH HHS · R01 CA095137-06 · United States
NIAID NIH HHS · R01 AI068129-10 · United States
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]