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PMID: 2556636 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Review

Protein phosphorylation and regulation of adaptive responses in bacteria.

Microbiological reviews ·Vol. 53 ·No. 4 ·1989-12-00 ·Pages 450-90

Stock JB, Ninfa AJ, Stock AM

Abstract

Bacteria continuously adapt to changes in their environment. Responses are largely controlled by signal transduction systems that contain two central enzymatic components, a protein kinase that uses adenosine triphosphate to phosphorylate itself at a histidine residue and a response regulator that accepts phosphoryl groups from the kinase. This conserved phosphotransfer chemistry is found in a wide range of bacterial species and operates in diverse systems to provide different regulatory outputs. The histidine kinases are frequently membrane receptor proteins that respond to environmental signals and phosphorylate response regulators that control transcription. Four specific regulatory systems are discussed in detail: chemotaxis in response to attractant and repellent stimuli (Che), regulation of gene expression in response to nitrogen deprivation (Ntr), control of the expression of enzymes and transport systems that assimilate phosphorus (Pho), and regulation of outer membrane porin expression in response to osmolarity and other culture conditions (Omp). Several additional systems are also examined, including systems that control complex developmental processes such as sporulation and fruiting-body formation, systems required for virulent infections of plant or animal host tissues, and systems that regulate transport and metabolism. Finally, an attempt is made to understand how cross-talk between parallel phosphotransfer pathways can provide a global regulatory curcuitry.

MeSH Terms
Amino Acid Sequence Bacteria/metabolism Bacterial Physiological Phenomena Bacterial Proteins/metabolism Chemotaxis/physiology Molecular Sequence Data Nitrogen/metabolism Phosphates/metabolism Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism Phosphorylation Protein Kinases/metabolism Signal Transduction/physiology Water-Electrolyte Balance/physiology
Chemicals
Bacterial Proteins Phosphates Protein Kinases Phosphoprotein Phosphatases Nitrogen
Authors & Affiliations
3 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Stock J B
Ninfa A J
Stock A M
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Article Info
Journal
Microbiological reviews
Abbr.
Microbiol Rev
ISSN
0146-0749
DOI
10.1128/mr.53.4.450-490.1989
Published
1989-12-00
Pages
450-90
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
7806086
PMCID
PMC372749
Subset
IM
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1128/mr.53.4.450-490.1989 PMC Full Text
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