Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 10837051 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review

Receptor selection in B and T lymphocytes.

Annual review of immunology ·Vol. 18 ·2000-00-00 ·Pages 19-51

Nemazee D

Abstract

The process of clonal selection is a central feature of the immune system, but immune specificity is also regulated by receptor selection, in which the fate of a lymphocyte's antigen receptor is uncoupled from that of the cell itself. Whereas clonal selection controls cell death or survival in response to antigen receptor signaling, receptor selection regulates the process of V(D)J recombination, which can alter or fix antigen receptor specificity. Receptor selection is carried out in both T and B cells and can occur at different stages of lymphocyte differentiation, in which it plays a key role in allelic exclusion, positive selection, receptor editing, and the diversification of the antigen receptor repertoire. Thus, the immune system takes advantage of its control of V(D)J recombination to modify antigen receptors in such a way that self/non-self discrimination is enhanced. New information about receptor editing in T cells and B-1 B cells is also discussed.

MeSH Terms
Alleles Animals B-Lymphocytes/immunology Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte Humans Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/genetics Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics T-Lymphocytes/immunology
Chemicals
Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
Authors & Affiliations
1 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Nemazee D
Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. [email protected]
References (198)
198 references, click to expand
  1. Light chain editing in kappa-deficient animals: a potential mechanism of B cell tolerance.
    J Exp Med. 1994 Nov 1;180(5):1805-15 PMID: 7964462
  2. The influence of positive selection on RAG expression in thymocytes.
    Eur J Immunol. 1995 Jan;25(1):54-8 PMID: 7843253
  3. kappa+lambda+ dual receptor B cells are present in the human peripheral repertoire.
    J Exp Med. 1995 Mar 1;181(3):1245-50 PMID: 7869042
  4. The role of Ig beta in precursor B cell transition and allelic exclusion.
    Science. 1995 Apr 21;268(5209):408-11 PMID: 7716544
  5. Engagement of the antigen-receptor on immature murine B lymphocytes results in death by apoptosis.
    J Immunol. 1995 May 1;154(9):4404-13 PMID: 7722297
  6. Up-regulation of recombination activating gene expression by signal transduction through the surface Ig receptor.
    J Immunol. 1995 May 15;154(10):5136-43 PMID: 7537300
  7. Transitional B cells are the target of negative selection in the B cell compartment.
    J Exp Med. 1995 Jun 1;181(6):2129-40 PMID: 7760002
  8. T cell receptor gene recombination patterns and mechanisms: cell death, rescue, and T cell production.
    J Exp Med. 1995 Jul 1;182(1):121-7 PMID: 7790812
  9. Crucial role of the pre-T-cell receptor alpha gene in development of alpha beta but not gamma delta T cells.
    Nature. 1995 Jun 29;375(6534):795-8 PMID: 7596413
  10. Neoteny in lymphocytes: Rag1 and Rag2 expression in germinal center B cells.
    Science. 1996 Dec 20;274(5295):2094-7 PMID: 8953043
  11. Receptor editing, immune diversification, and self-tolerance.
    Immunity. 1996 Dec;5(6):505-11 PMID: 8986711
  12. Preferential rearrangements of the T cell receptor-delta-deleting elements in human T cells.
    J Immunol. 1997 Feb 1;158(3):1208-16 PMID: 9013961
  13. Changes in locus-specific V(D)J recombinase activity induced by immunoglobulin gene products during B cell development.
    J Exp Med. 1997 Feb 17;185(4):609-20 PMID: 9034140
  14. Editing disease-associated autoantibodies.
    Immunity. 1997 Jan;6(1):97-105 PMID: 9052841
  15. Characterization of B cells expressing recombination activating genes in germinal centers of immunized mouse lymph nodes.
    J Immunol. 1997 Mar 15;158(6):2509-12 PMID: 9058779
  16. One-megabase sequence analysis of the human immunoglobulin lambda gene locus.
    Genome Res. 1997 Mar;7(3):250-61 PMID: 9074928
  17. B cell development under the condition of allelic inclusion.
    Immunity. 1997 Mar;6(3):225-33 PMID: 9075923
  18. Notch activity influences the alphabeta versus gammadelta T cell lineage decision.
    Cell. 1997 Mar 21;88(6):833-43 PMID: 9118226
  19. BCR ligation induces receptor editing in IgM+IgD- bone marrow B cells in vitro.
    Immunity. 1997 Apr;6(4):429-36 PMID: 9133422
  20. Structure and function of the pre-T cell receptor.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 1997;15:433-52 PMID: 9143695
  21. Initiation and processing of signals from the B cell antigen receptor.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 1997;15:453-79 PMID: 9143696
  22. A functional B cell receptor transgene allows efficient IL-7-independent maturation of B cell precursors.
    J Immunol. 1997 Aug 1;159(3):1233-9 PMID: 9233618
  23. Distinctive characteristics of germinal center B cells.
    Semin Immunol. 1997 Aug;9(4):255-60 PMID: 9237932
  24. Sequence of the human immunoglobulin diversity (D) segment locus: a systematic analysis provides no evidence for the use of DIR segments, inverted D segments, "minor" D segments or D-D recombination.
    J Mol Biol. 1997 Jul 25;270(4):587-97 PMID: 9245589
  25. Characterization of the B lymphocyte populations in Lyn-deficient mice and the role of Lyn in signal initiation and down-regulation.
    Immunity. 1997 Jul;7(1):69-81 PMID: 9252121
  26. Self-antigen does not accelerate immature B cell apoptosis, but stimulates receptor editing as a consequence of developmental arrest.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Aug 19;94(17):9267-72 PMID: 9256471
  27. V(D)J recombination in mature B cells: a mechanism for altering antibody responses.
    Science. 1997 Oct 10;278(5336):298-301 PMID: 9323210
  28. V(D)J recombinase activity in a subset of germinal center B lymphocytes.
    Science. 1997 Oct 10;278(5336):301-5 PMID: 9323211
  29. Enforced Bcl-2 expression inhibits antigen-mediated clonal elimination of peripheral B cells in an antigen dose-dependent manner and promotes receptor editing in autoreactive, immature B cells.
    J Exp Med. 1997 Nov 3;186(9):1513-22 PMID: 9348309
  30. Recombining sequence recombination in normal kappa-chain-expressing B cells.
    J Immunol. 1997 Nov 1;159(9):4362-6 PMID: 9379033
  31. Exit of the pre-TCR from the ER/cis-Golgi is necessary for signaling differentiation, proliferation, and allelic exclusion in immature thymocytes.
    Immunity. 1997 Nov;7(5):591-9 PMID: 9390683
  32. Receptor editing in a transgenic mouse model: site, efficiency, and role in B cell tolerance and antibody diversification.
    Immunity. 1997 Dec;7(6):765-75 PMID: 9430222
  33. Developmental regulation of B lymphocyte immune tolerance compartmentalizes clonal selection from receptor selection.
    Cell. 1998 Jan 23;92(2):173-82 PMID: 9458042
  34. Thymic function can be accurately monitored by the level of recent T cell emigrants in the circulation.
    Immunity. 1998 Jan;8(1):97-104 PMID: 9462515
  35. Regulation of B lymphocyte development by the truncated immunoglobulin heavy chain protein Dmu.
    J Exp Med. 1998 Mar 2;187(5):703-9 PMID: 9480980
  36. Nucleotide sequence analysis of 95 kb near the 3' end of the murine T-cell receptor alpha/delta chain locus: strategy and methodology.
    Genomics. 1992 Aug;13(4):1198-208 PMID: 1505953
  37. Organization, structure, and function of 95 kb of DNA spanning the murine T-cell receptor C alpha/C delta region.
    Genomics. 1992 Aug;13(4):1209-30 PMID: 1505954
  38. Regulation of TCR alpha and beta gene allelic exclusion during T-cell development.
    Immunol Today. 1992 Aug;13(8):315-22 PMID: 1324691
  39. Peripheral B cell maturation. I. Immature peripheral B cells in adults are heat-stable antigenhi and exhibit unique signaling characteristics.
    J Immunol. 1992 Oct 15;149(8):2533-40 PMID: 1383316
  40. The alpha beta versus gamma delta T-cell lineage choice.
    Curr Opin Immunol. 1998 Apr;10(2):181-7 PMID: 9602307
  41. Receptor editing and commitment in B lymphocytes.
    Curr Opin Immunol. 1998 Apr;10(2):208-13 PMID: 9602310
  42. Expression and function of recombination activating genes in mature B cells.
    Crit Rev Immunol. 1998;18(3):221-35 PMID: 9637411
  43. Kappa chain monoallelic demethylation and the establishment of allelic exclusion.
    Genes Dev. 1998 Jun 15;12(12):1801-11 PMID: 9637682
  44. Expression of recombination activating genes in germinal center B cells: involvement of interleukin 7 (IL-7) and the IL-7 receptor.
    J Exp Med. 1998 Jul 20;188(2):365-72 PMID: 9670048
  45. V(D)J recombinase induction in splenic B lymphocytes is inhibited by antigen-receptor signalling.
    Nature. 1998 Jul 16;394(6690):292-5 PMID: 9685161
  46. Self-reactive B lymphocytes overexpressing Bcl-xL escape negative selection and are tolerized by clonal anergy and receptor editing.
    Immunity. 1998 Jul;9(1):35-45 PMID: 9697834
  47. Antigen receptor engagement turns off the V(D)J recombination machinery in human tonsil B cells.
    J Exp Med. 1998 Aug 17;188(4):765-72 PMID: 9705958
  48. V(H) replacement is unlikely to contribute significantly to receptor editing due to an ineffectual embedded recombination signal sequence.
    Mol Immunol. 1998 Mar;35(4):227-32 PMID: 9736338
  49. Rapid deletion of rearranged T cell antigen receptor (TCR) Valpha-Jalpha segment by secondary rearrangement in the thymus: role of continuous rearrangement of TCR alpha chain gene and positive selection in the T cell repertoire formation.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Sep 29;95(20):11834-9 PMID: 9751751
  50. Receptor editing occurs frequently during normal B cell development.
    J Exp Med. 1998 Oct 5;188(7):1231-8 PMID: 9763602
  51. Regulation of anti-DNA B cells in recombination-activating gene-deficient mice.
    J Exp Med. 1998 Oct 5;188(7):1247-54 PMID: 9763604
  52. Assembly of productive T cell receptor delta variable region genes exhibits allelic inclusion.
    J Exp Med. 1998 Oct 19;188(8):1465-71 PMID: 9782123
  53. B cell deletion, anergy, and receptor editing in "knock in" mice targeted with a germline-encoded or somatically mutated anti-DNA heavy chain.
    J Immunol. 1998 Nov 1;161(9):4634-45 PMID: 9794392
  54. V(H) gene replacement occurs in the spleen and bone marrow of non-autoimmune quasi-monoclonal mice.
    Eur J Immunol. 1998 Oct;28(10):3362-70 PMID: 9808206
  55. The complete nucleotide sequence of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region locus.
    J Exp Med. 1998 Dec 7;188(11):2151-62 PMID: 9841928
  56. RAG reexpression and DNA recombination at T cell receptor loci in peripheral CD4+ T cells.
    Immunity. 1998 Nov;9(5):637-47 PMID: 9846485
  57. Engagement of the T-cell receptor during positive selection in the thymus down-regulates RAG-1 expression.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Oct 15;89(20):9529-33 PMID: 1329099
  58. Mouse variable-region gene families: complexity, polymorphism and use in non-autoimmune responses.
    Immunol Rev. 1992 Aug;128:5-21 PMID: 1427923
  59. Mutations in T-cell antigen receptor genes alpha and beta block thymocyte development at different stages.
    Nature. 1992 Nov 19;360(6401):225-31 PMID: 1359428
  60. Restoration of T cell development in RAG-2-deficient mice by functional TCR transgenes.
    Science. 1993 Feb 5;259(5096):822-5 PMID: 8430336
  61. Elimination of self-reactive B lymphocytes proceeds in two stages: arrested development and cell death.
    Cell. 1993 Feb 12;72(3):325-35 PMID: 8431943
  62. Receptor editing in self-reactive bone marrow B cells.
    J Exp Med. 1993 Apr 1;177(4):1009-20 PMID: 8459201
  63. B lymphocytes may escape tolerance by revising their antigen receptors.
    J Exp Med. 1993 Apr 1;177(4):1165-73 PMID: 8459210
  64. Receptor editing: an approach by autoreactive B cells to escape tolerance.
    J Exp Med. 1993 Apr 1;177(4):999-1008 PMID: 8459227
  65. Deletion of the immunoglobulin kappa chain intron enhancer abolishes kappa chain gene rearrangement in cis but not lambda chain gene rearrangement in trans.
    EMBO J. 1993 Jun;12(6):2329-36 PMID: 8508766
  66. Immature surface Ig+ B cells can continue to rearrange kappa and lambda L chain gene loci.
    J Exp Med. 1993 Oct 1;178(4):1263-70 PMID: 8376934
  67. Expression of two T cell receptor alpha chains: dual receptor T cells.
    Science. 1993 Oct 15;262(5132):422-4 PMID: 8211163
  68. Targeted insertion of a variable region gene into the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.
    Science. 1993 Nov 19;262(5137):1268-71 PMID: 8235657
  69. Negative selection of lymphocytes.
    Cell. 1994 Jan 28;76(2):229-39 PMID: 8293461
  70. Two waves of recombinase gene expression in developing thymocytes.
    J Exp Med. 1994 Apr 1;179(4):1355-60 PMID: 8145048
  71. Immunoglobulin somatic variation; studies of receptor editing in a human B cell lymphoma.
    Leuk Lymphoma. 1994 Feb;12(5-6):333-41 PMID: 8180597
  72. Functional immunoglobulin transgenes guide ordered B-cell differentiation in Rag-1-deficient mice.
    Genes Dev. 1994 May 1;8(9):1030-42 PMID: 7926785
  73. Analysis of the B-cell progenitor compartment at the level of single cells.
    Curr Biol. 1994 Jul 1;4(7):573-83 PMID: 7953531
  74. Activity of multiple light chain genes in murine myeloma cells producing a single, functional light chain.
    Cell. 1980 Aug;21(1):1-12 PMID: 6773666
  75. Human immunoglobulin kappa light-chain genes are deleted or rearranged in lambda-producing B cells.
    Nature. 1981 Apr 2;290(5805):368-72 PMID: 6783958
  76. Sets of immunoglobulin V kappa genes homologous to ten cloned V kappa sequences: implications for the number of germline V kappa genes.
    J Mol Appl Genet. 1981;1(2):103-16 PMID: 6286818
  77. Continuing kappa-gene rearrangement in a cell line transformed by Abelson murine leukemia virus.
    Cell. 1982 Oct;30(3):807-16 PMID: 6291785
  78. A theory of allelic and isotypic exclusion for immunoglobulin genes.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Nov;79(22):6976-8 PMID: 6817330
  79. Normal human B cells display ordered light chain gene rearrangements and deletions.
    J Exp Med. 1982 Oct 1;156(4):975-85 PMID: 6818320
  80. Chance, necessity and antibody gene dynamics.
    Nature. 1983 May 5-11;303(5912):23-6 PMID: 6405281
  81. Novel kappa light-chain gene rearrangements in mouse lambda light chain-producing B lymphocytes.
    Nature. 1984 Feb 23-29;307(5953):749-52 PMID: 6422305
  82. Immunoglobulin gene 'remnant' DNA--implications for antibody gene recombination.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 May 25;12(10):4229-46 PMID: 6328416
  83. Allelic exclusion in rat kappa immunoglobulin chains: extent of Jk rearrangement in normal B lymphocytes.
    EMBO J. 1984 May;3(5):975-81 PMID: 6428882
  84. Ordered rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region segments.
    EMBO J. 1984 Jun;3(6):1209-19 PMID: 6086308
  85. Different joining region J elements of the murine kappa immunoglobulin light chain locus are used at markedly different frequencies.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Aug;81(15):4756-60 PMID: 6431410
  86. Allelic exclusion and control of endogenous immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in kappa transgenic mice.
    Nature. 1984 Dec 6-12;312(5994):517-20 PMID: 6438533
  87. Ontogeny of the T-cell antigen receptor within the thymus.
    Nature. 1985 Feb 14-20;313(6003):592-5 PMID: 3871511
  88. Developmental regulation of T-cell receptor gene expression.
    Nature. 1985 Mar 7-13;314(6006):103-7 PMID: 2983227
  89. Transmission and expression of a specific pair of rearranged immunoglobulin mu and kappa genes in a transgenic mouse line.
    Nature. 1985 Mar 28-Apr 3;314(6009):330-4 PMID: 3920529
  90. A transgenic immunoglobulin mu gene prevents rearrangement of endogenous genes.
    Cell. 1985 Aug;42(1):117-27 PMID: 3926323
  91. Double recombination of a single immunoglobulin kappa-chain allele: implications for the mechanism of rearrangement.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jul;82(14):4793-7 PMID: 2991895
  92. Genomic organization of the genes encoding mouse T-cell receptor alpha-chain.
    Nature. 1985 Aug 29-Sep 4;316(6031):832-6 PMID: 2993908
  93. Deletions of kappa chain constant region genes in mouse lambda chain-producing B cells involve intrachromosomal DNA recombinations similar to V-J joining.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Sep;82(18):6211-5 PMID: 3929252
  94. Cellular mechanisms of immunologic tolerance.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 1983;1:33-62 PMID: 6399977
  95. Lambda chains and genes in inbred mice.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 1985;3:337-65 PMID: 3933530
  96. Molecular genetics of the T cell-receptor beta chain.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 1985;3:537-60 PMID: 3933533
  97. The human CK gene segment and the kappa deleting element are closely linked.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Jun 11;14(11):4591-603 PMID: 3086844
  98. Recombination between an expressed immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene and a germline variable gene segment in a Ly 1+ B-cell lymphoma.
    Nature. 1986 Aug 28-Sep 3;322(6082):843-6 PMID: 3092106
  99. Synchronized rearrangement of T-cell gamma and beta chain genes in fetal thymocyte development.
    Science. 1986 Oct 24;234(4775):479-82 PMID: 3020688
  100. Surface expression of two distinct functional antigen receptors on human gamma delta T cells.
    Science. 1993 Jun 18;260(5115):1800-2 PMID: 8390096
  101. Unusual patterns of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and expression during human B cell ontogeny: human B cells can simultaneously express cell surface kappa and lambda light chains.
    J Exp Med. 1993 Jul 1;178(1):139-49 PMID: 8391059
  102. Multiple rearrangements in T cell receptor alpha chain genes maximize the production of useful thymocytes.
    J Exp Med. 1993 Aug 1;178(2):615-22 PMID: 8393478
  103. The regulated expression of B lineage associated genes during B cell differentiation in bone marrow and fetal liver.
    J Exp Med. 1993 Sep 1;178(3):951-60 PMID: 8350062
  104. VHDJH formation and DJH replacement during pre-B differentiation: non-random usage of gene segments.
    EMBO J. 1986 Sep;5(9):2131-8 PMID: 3096716
  105. Isolation of a cDNA copy of an RNA species expressed in murine pre-B cells.
    EMBO J. 1986 Sep;5(9):2139-47 PMID: 2430794
  106. Lambda 5, a new light-chain-related locus selectively expressed in pre-B lymphocytes.
    Nature. 1986 Dec 11-17;324(6097):579-82 PMID: 3024017
  107. Differential expression of two distinct T-cell receptors during thymocyte development.
    Nature. 1987 Mar 5-11;326(6108):79-81 PMID: 3102971
  108. The human kappa deleting element and the mouse recombining segment share DNA sequence homology.
    Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Mar 25;15(6):2699-705 PMID: 3104881
  109. Allelic exclusion in transgenic mice that express the membrane form of immunoglobulin mu.
    Science. 1987 May 15;236(4803):816-9 PMID: 3107126
  110. Human T-cell receptor genes: organization, diversity, and polymorphism.
    Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1986;51 Pt 2:785-9 PMID: 3472761
  111. A new V gene expressed in lambda-2 light chains of the mouse.
    Eur J Immunol. 1987 May;17(5):731-4 PMID: 3034625
  112. A new variable region in mouse immunoglobulin lambda light chains.
    J Exp Med. 1987 Jul 1;166(1):265-70 PMID: 3110349
  113. A new T-cell receptor gene located within the alpha locus and expressed early in T-cell differentiation.
    Nature. 1987 Jun 25-Jul 1;327(6124):677-82 PMID: 2439914
  114. A second gene, VpreB in the lambda 5 locus of the mouse, which appears to be selectively expressed in pre-B lymphocytes.
    EMBO J. 1987 Aug;6(8):2267-72 PMID: 3117530
  115. How immunoglobulin V kappa genes rearrange.
    J Immunol. 1987 Dec 1;139(11):3834-9 PMID: 3119721
  116. In transgenic mice the introduced functional T cell receptor beta gene prevents expression of endogenous beta genes.
    Cell. 1988 Mar 25;52(6):831-41 PMID: 3258191
  117. Allelic exclusion in transgenic mice carrying mutant human IgM genes.
    J Exp Med. 1988 Jun 1;167(6):1969-74 PMID: 3133444
  118. The joining of germ-line V alpha to J alpha genes replaces the preexisting V alpha-J alpha complexes in a T cell receptor alpha, beta positive T cell line.
    Cell. 1988 Oct 21;55(2):291-300 PMID: 3262425
  119. Ig lambda-producing B cells do not show feedback inhibition of gene rearrangement.
    J Immunol. 1988 Oct 15;141(8):2771-80 PMID: 3139764
  120. Feedback inhibition of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement by membrane mu, but not by secreted mu heavy chains.
    J Exp Med. 1988 Oct 1;168(4):1363-81 PMID: 3139821
  121. Positive selection of thymocytes.
    Annu Rev Immunol. 1995;13:93-126 PMID: 7612239
  122. Light chain replacement: a new model for antibody gene rearrangement.
    J Exp Med. 1995 Aug 1;182(2):541-8 PMID: 7629511
  123. V(D)J recombination and the cell cycle.
    Immunol Today. 1995 Jun;16(6):279-89 PMID: 7662097
  124. The cytoplasmic domains of immunoglobulin (Ig) alpha and Ig beta can independently induce the precursor B cell transition and allelic exclusion.
    J Exp Med. 1995 Nov 1;182(5):1389-94 PMID: 7595209
  125. Ig mu heavy chains with VH81X variable regions do not associate with lambda 5.
    Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995 Sep 29;764:39-42 PMID: 7486553
  126. Surrogate light chain-dependent selection of Ig heavy chain V regions.
    J Immunol. 1995 Dec 15;155(12):5536-42 PMID: 7499835
  127. Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene replacement: a mechanism of receptor editing.
    Immunity. 1995 Dec;3(6):747-55 PMID: 8777720
  128. T-cell receptor alpha locus V(D)J recombination by-products are abundant in thymocytes and mature T cells.
    Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Feb;16(2):609-18 PMID: 8552089
  129. Tolerance sensitivity of immature-stage B cells: can developmentally regulated B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signal transduction play a role?
    J Immunol. 1996 Apr 15;156(8):2657-60 PMID: 8609379
  130. Surrogate light chain expression is required to establish immunoglobulin heavy chain allelic exclusion during early B cell development.
    Immunity. 1996 Feb;4(2):133-44 PMID: 8624804
  131. Balancing immunity and tolerance: deleting and tuning lymphocyte repertoires.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Mar 19;93(6):2264-71 PMID: 8637861
  132. Antigen receptor 'capacity' and the sensitivity of self-tolerance.
    Immunol Today. 1996 Jan;17(1):25-9 PMID: 8652047
  133. A quasi-monoclonal mouse.
    Science. 1996 Jun 14;272(5268):1649-52 PMID: 8658139
  134. Re-evaluation of the probabilities for productive arrangements on the kappa and lambda loci.
    Int Immunol. 1996 Jan;8(1):91-9 PMID: 8671593
  135. Surrogate light chain in B cell development.
    Adv Immunol. 1996;63:1-41 PMID: 8787628
  136. A prematurely expressed Ig(kappa) transgene, but not V(kappa)J(kappa) gene segment targeted into the Ig(kappa) locus, can rescue B cell development in lambda5-deficient mice.
    Immunity. 1996 Sep;5(3):229-39 PMID: 8808678
  137. Reexpression of RAG-1 and RAG-2 genes in activated mature mouse B cells.
    Science. 1996 Dec 20;274(5295):2092-4 PMID: 8953042
  138. A human immunoglobulin gene reduces the incidence of lymphomas in c-Myc-bearing transgenic mice.
    Nature. 1988 Dec 1;336(6198):446-50 PMID: 3143076
  139. Ordered activation of the Ig lambda locus in Abelson B cell lines.
    J Exp Med. 1988 Dec 1;168(6):2131-7 PMID: 2848920
  140. The organization of the mouse Igh-V locus. Dispersion, interspersion, and the evolution of VH gene family clusters.
    J Exp Med. 1988 Dec 1;168(6):2261-78 PMID: 3199068
  141. Human T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) delta-chain locus and elements responsible for its deletion are within the TCR alpha-chain locus.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(24):9694-8 PMID: 2974161
  142. Clonal deletion of B lymphocytes in a transgenic mouse bearing anti-MHC class I antibody genes.
    Nature. 1989 Feb 9;337(6207):562-6 PMID: 2783762
  143. A linkage map of the mouse immunoglobulin lambda light chain locus.
    Immunogenetics. 1989;29(3):173-9 PMID: 2494106
  144. Activation of an excluded immunoglobulin allele in a human B lymphoma cell line.
    Science. 1989 Apr 21;244(4902):337-9 PMID: 2496466
  145. Analysis of VH gene replacement events in a B cell lymphoma.
    J Immunol. 1989 Jun 15;142(12):4475-82 PMID: 2498430
  146. Functional immunoglobulin light chain genes are replaced by ongoing rearrangements of germline V kappa genes to downstream J kappa segment in a murine B cell line.
    J Exp Med. 1989 Jul 1;170(1):1-13 PMID: 2501443
  147. Demonstration of delta rec-pseudo J alpha rearrangement with deletion of the delta locus in a human stem-cell leukemia.
    J Exp Med. 1989 Jul 1;170(1):339-42 PMID: 2746162
  148. Clonal deletion of autoreactive B lymphocytes in bone marrow chimeras.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Oct;86(20):8039-43 PMID: 2682636
  149. Excision products of the T cell receptor gene support a progressive rearrangement model of the alpha/delta locus.
    EMBO J. 1989 Nov;8(11):3261-70 PMID: 2583098
  150. Murine lambda gene rearrangements: the stochastic model prevails over the ordered model.
    EMBO J. 1990 Feb;9(2):435-40 PMID: 2105884
  151. Novel recombinations of the IG kappa-locus that result in allelic exclusion.
    J Immunol. 1990 Jul 15;145(2):745-50 PMID: 2114448
  152. A physical map and analysis of the murine C kappa-RS region show the presence of a conserved element.
    Eur J Immunol. 1990 Jun;20(6):1409-11 PMID: 2115001
  153. First T cell receptor alpha gene rearrangements during T cell ontogeny skew to the 5' region of the J alpha locus.
    J Immunol. 1990 Oct 1;145(7):2347-52 PMID: 2168921
  154. Ig H and L chain contributions to autoimmune specificities.
    J Immunol. 1991 Jan 1;146(1):176-82 PMID: 1898596
  155. A shared kappa reciprocal fragment and a high frequency of secondary Jk5 rearrangements among influenza hemagglutinin specific B cell hybridomas.
    J Immunol. 1991 Jan 1;146(1):343-9 PMID: 1898606
  156. Expression of anti-DNA immunoglobulin transgenes in non-autoimmune mice.
    Nature. 1991 Jan 24;349(6307):331-4 PMID: 1898987
  157. Lack of feedback inhibition of V kappa gene rearrangement by productively rearranged alleles.
    J Exp Med. 1991 Feb 1;173(2):409-15 PMID: 1988542
  158. A B cell-deficient mouse by targeted disruption of the membrane exon of the immunoglobulin mu chain gene.
    Nature. 1991 Apr 4;350(6317):423-6 PMID: 1901381
  159. B cell development regulated by gene rearrangement: arrest of maturation by membrane-bound D mu protein and selection of DH element reading frames.
    Cell. 1991 Apr 5;65(1):47-54 PMID: 2013094
  160. Deletions of immunoglobulin C kappa region characterized by the circular excision products in mouse splenocytes.
    J Exp Med. 1991 May 1;173(5):1065-72 PMID: 1902500
  161. Resolution and characterization of pro-B and pre-pro-B cell stages in normal mouse bone marrow.
    J Exp Med. 1991 May 1;173(5):1213-25 PMID: 1827140
  162. Cell surface expression of the short immunoglobulin mu chain (D mu protein) in murine pre-B cells is differently regulated from that of the intact mu chain.
    Eur J Immunol. 1991 Jun;21(6):1359-63 PMID: 1904358
  163. Predominance of nonproductive rearrangements of VH81X gene segments evidences a dependence of B cell clonal maturation on the structure of nascent H chains.
    J Immunol. 1991 Aug 15;147(4):1406-11 PMID: 1907997
  164. Thymocyte expression of RAG-1 and RAG-2: termination by T cell receptor cross-linking.
    Science. 1991 Aug 16;253(5021):778-81 PMID: 1831564
  165. Influence of a V kappa 8 L chain transgene on endogenous rearrangements and the immune response to the HA(Sb) determinant on influenza virus.
    J Immunol. 1991 Sep 15;147(6):2024-33 PMID: 1909739
  166. Elimination from peripheral lymphoid tissues of self-reactive B lymphocytes recognizing membrane-bound antigens.
    Nature. 1991 Oct 24;353(6346):765-9 PMID: 1944535
  167. T cell receptor genes in a series of class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones specific for a Plasmodium berghei nonapeptide: implications for T cell allelic exclusion and antigen-specific repertoire.
    J Exp Med. 1991 Dec 1;174(6):1371-83 PMID: 1836010
  168. Targeted disruption of mu chain membrane exon causes loss of heavy-chain allelic exclusion.
    Nature. 1992 Mar 12;356(6365):154-6 PMID: 1545868
  169. RAG-2-deficient mice lack mature lymphocytes owing to inability to initiate V(D)J rearrangement.
    Cell. 1992 Mar 6;68(5):855-67 PMID: 1547487
  170. RAG-1-deficient mice have no mature B and T lymphocytes.
    Cell. 1992 Mar 6;68(5):869-77 PMID: 1547488
  171. Exclusion and inclusion of alpha and beta T cell receptor alleles.
    Cell. 1992 May 1;69(3):529-37 PMID: 1316241
  172. A critical role of lambda 5 protein in B cell development.
    Cell. 1992 May 29;69(5):823-31 PMID: 1591779
  173. Ongoing V kappa-J kappa recombination after formation of a productive V kappa-J kappa coding joint.
    Eur J Immunol. 1992 Jun;22(6):1561-5 PMID: 1601042
  174. Crosslinking of the cell surface immunoglobulin (mu-surrogate light chains complex) on pre-B cells induces activation of V gene rearrangements at the immunoglobulin kappa locus.
    Int Immunol. 1992 Jun;4(6):637-41 PMID: 1616897
  175. Surface IgM mediated regulation of RAG gene expression in E mu-N-myc B cell lines.
    EMBO J. 1992 Jul;11(7):2727-34 PMID: 1628630
  176. Transcription and recombination of the murine RS element.
    J Immunol. 1992 Aug 1;149(3):832-40 PMID: 1634771
  177. Aberrant rearrangements contribute significantly to the allelic exclusion of immunoglobulin gene expression.
    Nature. 1981 Apr 2;290(5805):372-8 PMID: 6783959
  178. Rearrangement of lambda light chain genes in mature B cells in vitro and in vivo. Function of reexpressed recombination-activating gene (RAG) products.
    J Exp Med. 1998 Mar 2;187(5):795-9 PMID: 9480989
  179. Molecular mechanisms involved in receptor editing at the Ig heavy chain locus.
    Int Immunol. 1998 Feb;10(2):241-6 PMID: 9533453
  180. Thymocyte development in the absence of pre-T cell receptor extracellular immunoglobulin domains.
    Science. 1998 May 8;280(5365):905-8 PMID: 9572735
  181. The 3' part of the immunoglobulin kappa locus of the mouse.
    Eur J Immunol. 1998 May;28(5):1458-66 PMID: 9603450
  182. Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection.
    Nature. 1998 Dec 17;396(6712):690-5 PMID: 9872319
  183. Immune receptor editing: revise and select.
    Cell. 1998 Dec 23;95(7):875-8 PMID: 9875841
  184. Secondary V(D)J recombination in B-1 cells.
    Nature. 1999 Jan 28;397(6717):355-9 PMID: 9950428
  185. Analysis of heavy and light chain pairings indicates that receptor editing shapes the human antibody repertoire.
    J Mol Biol. 1999 Jan 22;285(3):895-901 PMID: 9887257
  186. Negative selection of immature B cells by receptor editing or deletion is determined by site of antigen encounter.
    Immunity. 1999 Mar;10(3):289-99 PMID: 10204485
  187. POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS OF HUMAN GAMMA-GLOBULIN: CELLULAR LOCALIZATION BY FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY.
    Science. 1964 Jun 26;144(3626):1590-1 PMID: 14169351
  188. Cellular localization of immunoglobulins with different allotypic specificities in rabbit lymphoid tissues.
    J Exp Med. 1965 Nov 1;122(5):853-76 PMID: 4159057
  189. Differential activity of allelic gamma-globulin genes in antibody-producing cells.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1965 Dec;54(6):1765-72 PMID: 4160302
  190. Rabbit lymphoid cells differentiated with respect to alpha-, gamma-, and mu- heavy polypeptide chains and to allotypic markers Aa1 and Aa2.
    J Exp Med. 1966 Mar 1;123(3):547-58 PMID: 4160817
  191. Modification of B lymphocyte differentiation by anti-immunoglobulins.
    Contemp Top Immunobiol. 1974;3:193-225 PMID: 4133997
  192. Receptor-mediated inactivation of early B lymphocytes.
    Nature. 1975 Sep 11;257(5522):149-51 PMID: 1080547
  193. Differences in susceptibility of mature and immature mouse B lymphocytes to anti-immunoglobulin-induced immunoglobulin suppression in vitro. Possible implications for B-cell tolerance to self.
    J Exp Med. 1975 Nov 1;142(5):1052-64 PMID: 811748
  194. Sequence of a mouse germ-line gene for a variable region of an immunoglobulin light chain.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Mar;75(3):1485-9 PMID: 418414
  195. The arrangement and rearrangement of antibody genes.
    Nature. 1978 Dec 21-28;276(5690):790-5 PMID: 103004
  196. Sequences of mouse immunoglobulin light chain genes before and after somatic changes.
    Cell. 1978 Dec;15(4):1133-44 PMID: 103630
  197. A kappa-immunoglobulin gene is formed by site-specific recombination without further somatic mutation.
    Nature. 1979 Aug 2;280(5721):370-5 PMID: 111146
  198. Sequences of five potential recombination sites encoded close to an immunoglobulin kappa constant region gene.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Jul;76(7):3450-4 PMID: 115000
Article Info
Journal
Annual review of immunology
Abbr.
Annu Rev Immunol
ISSN
0732-0582
DOI
10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.19
Email
[email protected]
Published
2000-00-00
Pages
19-51
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
8309206
PMCID
PMC3822044
Subset
IM
Grants
NIAID NIH HHS · R01 AI033608 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.19 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2