Home LiteratureArticle Details
PMID: 11375146 Published · ppublish English Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Genotypes associated with virulence in environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae.

Applied and environmental microbiology ·Vol. 67 ·No. 6 ·2001-06-00 ·Pages 2421-9

Rivera IN, Chun J, Huq A, Sack RB, Colwell RR

Abstract

Vibrio cholerae is an autochthonous inhabitant of riverine and estuarine environments and also is a facultative pathogen for humans. Genotyping can be useful in assessing the risk of contracting cholera, intestinal, or extraintestinal infections via drinking water and/or seafood. In this study, environmental isolates of V. cholerae were examined for the presence of ctxA, hlyA, ompU, stn/sto, tcpA, tcpI, toxR, and zot genes, using multiplex PCR. Based on tcpA and hlyA gene comparisons, the strains could be grouped into Classical and El Tor biotypes. The toxR, hlyA, and ompU genes were present in 100, 98.6, and 87.0% of the V. cholerae isolates, respectively. The CTX genetic element and toxin-coregulated pilus El Tor (tcpA ET) gene were present in all toxigenic V. cholerae O1 and V. cholerae O139 strains examined in this study. Three of four nontoxigenic V. cholerae O1 strains contained tcpA ET. Interestingly, among the isolates of V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139, two had tcpA Classical, nine contained tcpA El Tor, three showed homology with both biotype genes, and four carried the ctxA gene. The stn/sto genes were present in 28.2% of the non-O1/non-O139 strains, in 10.5% of the toxigenic V. cholerae O1, and in 14.3% of the O139 serogroups. Except for stn/sto genes, all of the other genes studied occurred with high frequency in toxigenic V. cholerae O1 and O139 strains. Based on results of this study, surveillance of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae in the aquatic environment, combined with genotype monitoring using ctxA, stn/sto, and tcpA ET genes, could be valuable in human health risk assessment.

MeSH Terms
Biomarkers Environmental Monitoring Genotype O Antigens Polymerase Chain Reaction Radionuclide Generators Serotyping Vibrio cholerae/classification,genetics,pathogenicity Virulence/genetics Water Microbiology
Chemicals
Biomarkers O Antigens
Authors & Affiliations
5 authors, click to expand affiliations / ORCID
Rivera I N
Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA. [email protected]
Chun J
Huq A
Sack R B
Colwell R R
References (66)
66 references, click to expand
  1. A search for cholera toxin (CT), toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), the regulatory element ToxR and other virulence factors in non-01/non-0139 Vibrio cholerae.
    Microb Pathog. 1997 Apr;22(4):199-208 PMID: 9140915
  2. Comparative study of expression of hemagglutinins, hemolysins, and enterotoxins by clinical and environmental isolates of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae in relation to their enteropathogenicity.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1986 Oct;52(4):875-9 PMID: 3777932
  3. Detection of the Vibrio cholerae heat-stable enterotoxin gene by polymerase chain reaction.
    Mol Cell Probes. 1994 Feb;8(1):39-44 PMID: 8028606
  4. Use of a synthetic oligonucleotide probe to detect strains of non-serovar O1 Vibrio cholerae carrying the gene for heat-stable enterotoxin (NAG-ST).
    J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Jun;28(6):1473-6 PMID: 2380369
  5. Vibrio mimicus with multiple toxin types isolated from human and environmental sources.
    J Med Microbiol. 1994 Mar;40(3):194-6 PMID: 8114069
  6. Molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor strains isolated between 1992 and 1995 in Calcutta, India: evidence for the emergence of a new clone of the El Tor biotype.
    J Infect Dis. 1997 May;175(5):1134-41 PMID: 9129077
  7. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences and the PCR to generate fingerprints of genomic DNAs from Vibrio cholerae O1, O139, and non-O1 strains.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Aug;61(8):2898-904 PMID: 7487023
  8. Ecology, serology, and enterotoxin production of Vibrio cholerae in Chesapeake Bay.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Jan;37(1):91-103 PMID: 367273
  9. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect toxigenic Vibrio cholerae and to biotype Vibrio cholerae O1.
    J Appl Bacteriol. 1995 Sep;79(3):264-73 PMID: 7592121
  10. Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding the OmpU outer membrane protein of Vibrio cholerae.
    Infect Immun. 1996 Dec;64(12):5406-9 PMID: 8945596
  11. Detection and differentiation of the gene for toxin co-regulated pili (tcpA) in Vibrio cholerae non-O1 using the polymerase chain reaction.
    FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1995 Jan 15;125(2-3):205-9 PMID: 7875567
  12. Reassessment of the prevalence of heat-stable enterotoxin (NAG-ST) among environmental Vibrio cholerae non-O1 strains isolated from Calcutta, India, by using a NAG-ST DNA probe.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992 Aug;58(8):2485-9 PMID: 1514795
  13. Gastroenteritis due to non-agglutinable (non-cholera) vibrios.
    Med J Aust. 1974 Sep 28;2(13):487-90 PMID: 4431353
  14. Co-ordinate expression of virulence genes by ToxR in Vibrio cholerae.
    Mol Microbiol. 1992 Feb;6(4):451-8 PMID: 1560773
  15. Characterization of Vibrio cholerae isolated from oysters.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1981 Jun;41(6):1475-8 PMID: 7247399
  16. A bacteriophage encoding a pathogenicity island, a type-IV pilus and a phage receptor in cholera bacteria.
    Nature. 1999 May 27;399(6734):375-9 PMID: 10360577
  17. TcpA pilin sequences and colonization requirements for O1 and O139 vibrio cholerae.
    Mol Microbiol. 1994 Sep;13(6):1013-20 PMID: 7854116
  18. DNA sequence of both chromosomes of the cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae.
    Nature. 2000 Aug 3;406(6795):477-83 PMID: 10952301
  19. Detecting and biotyping Vibrio cholerae O1 with multiplex polymerase chain reaction.
    Lancet. 1993 Jun 26;341(8861):1661 PMID: 8100020
  20. Virulence genes in environmental strains of Vibrio cholerae.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000 Sep;66(9):4022-8 PMID: 10966424
  21. Molecular analysis of non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae associated with an unusual upsurge in the incidence of cholera-like disease in Calcutta, India.
    J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Mar;36(3):756-63 PMID: 9508308
  22. Purification and characterization of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 heat-stable enterotoxin.
    Infect Immun. 1986 Apr;52(1):45-9 PMID: 3957432
  23. Characterization of Vibrio cgolerae non-O1 serogroups obtained from an outbreak of diarrhea in Lima, Peru.
    J Clin Microbiol. 1995 Oct;33(10):2715-22 PMID: 8567912
  24. Serogroup conversion of Vibrio cholerae.
    Can J Microbiol. 1995 Oct;41(10):946-50 PMID: 8590409
  25. Survival strategies of bacteria in the natural environment.
    Microbiol Rev. 1987 Sep;51(3):365-79 PMID: 3312987
  26. The Vibrio cholerae toxin-coregulated-pilus gene tcpI encodes a homolog of methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins.
    Infect Immun. 1994 Jul;62(7):2669-78 PMID: 8005659
  27. Use of polymerase chain reaction for detection of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 strains from the Latin American cholera epidemic.
    J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Aug;30(8):2118-21 PMID: 1500520
  28. Potentially pathogenic vibrios associated with mussels from a tropical region on the Atlantic coast of Brazil.
    J Appl Bacteriol. 1994 Sep;77(3):281-7 PMID: 7989253
  29. A gene for the enterotoxin zonula occludens toxin is present in Vibrio mimicus and Vibrio cholerae O139.
    FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1994 Jun 15;119(3):377-80 PMID: 8050719
  30. Pathogenicity islands of virulent bacteria: structure, function and impact on microbial evolution.
    Mol Microbiol. 1997 Mar;23(6):1089-97 PMID: 9106201
  31. Nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae 01 serotype Inaba biotype El Tor associated with a cluster of cases of cholera in southern India.
    J Clin Microbiol. 1996 May;34(5):1114-7 PMID: 8727886
  32. The sixth and seventh cholera pandemics are due to independent clones separately derived from environmental, nontoxigenic, non-O1 Vibrio cholerae.
    J Bacteriol. 1995 Jun;177(11):3191-8 PMID: 7768818
  33. Vibrio cholerae produces a second enterotoxin, which affects intestinal tight junctions.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jun 15;88(12):5242-6 PMID: 2052603
  34. Use of phoA gene fusions to identify a pilus colonization factor coordinately regulated with cholera toxin.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 May;84(9):2833-7 PMID: 2883655
  35. Molecular characterization of a new variant of toxin-coregulated pilus protein (TcpA) in a toxigenic non-O1/Non-O139 strain of Vibrio cholerae.
    Infect Immun. 2000 Feb;68(2):948-52 PMID: 10639469
  36. The evolution of epidemic Vibrio cholerae strains.
    Trends Microbiol. 1997 Apr;5(4):161-5 PMID: 9141191
  37. Virulence patterns of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 strains isolated from hospitalised patients with acute diarrhoea in Calcutta, India.
    J Med Microbiol. 1993 Oct;39(4):310-7 PMID: 8411093
  38. Epidemiology, genetics, and ecology of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae.
    Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998 Dec;62(4):1301-14 PMID: 9841673
  39. Isolation of nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae O group 1 from a patient with severe gastrointestinal disease.
    J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Feb;19(2):296-7 PMID: 6199370
  40. Virus on virus infects bacterium.
    Nature. 1999 May 27;399(6734):312-3 PMID: 10360569
  41. Genetic rearrangements in the rfb regions of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Oct 24;92(22):10374-8 PMID: 7479787
  42. Lysogenic conversion by a filamentous phage encoding cholera toxin.
    Science. 1996 Jun 28;272(5270):1910-4 PMID: 8658163
  43. Detection of Vibrio cholerae and V. mimicus heat-stable toxin gene sequence by PCR.
    J Med Microbiol. 1997 May;46(5):398-402 PMID: 9152035
  44. A Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity island associated with epidemic and pandemic strains.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Mar 17;95(6):3134-9 PMID: 9501228
  45. Ecological relationships between Vibrio cholerae and planktonic crustacean copepods.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1983 Jan;45(1):275-83 PMID: 6337551
  46. Distribution and virulence of Vibrio cholerae belonging to serogroups other than O1 and O139: a nationwide survey.
    Epidemiol Infect. 1995 Feb;114(1):65-70 PMID: 7867744
  47. Identification of a vibrio cholerae RTX toxin gene cluster that is tightly linked to the cholera toxin prophage.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Feb 2;96(3):1071-6 PMID: 9927695
  48. TcpP protein is a positive regulator of virulence gene expression in Vibrio cholerae.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jan 20;95(2):730-4 PMID: 9435261
  49. Cholera toxin transcriptional activator toxR is a transmembrane DNA binding protein.
    Cell. 1987 Jan 30;48(2):271-9 PMID: 3802195
  50. Toxin, toxin-coregulated pili, and the toxR regulon are essential for Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis in humans.
    J Exp Med. 1988 Oct 1;168(4):1487-92 PMID: 2902187
  51. Nucleotide sequences and comparison of the hemolysin determinants of Vibrio cholerae El Tor RV79(Hly+) and RV79(Hly-) and classical 569B(Hly-).
    Infect Immun. 1988 Jun;56(6):1414-9 PMID: 2453464
  52. Cholera toxin: genetic analysis, regulation, and role in pathogenesis.
    Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1985;118:97-118 PMID: 3902383
  53. High Prevalence of Vibrio cholerae Non-O1 Carrying Heat-Stable-Enterotoxin-Encoding Genes among Vibrio Isolates from a Temperate-Climate River Basin of Central Italy.
    Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997 Jul;63(7):2934-9 PMID: 16535661
  54. Epidemic of diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae non-O1 that produced heat-stable toxin among Khmers in a camp in Thailand.
    J Clin Microbiol. 1993 May;31(5):1315-7 PMID: 8501234
  55. Detection of cholera (ctx) and zonula occludens (zot) toxin genes in Vibrio cholerae O1, O139 and non-O1 strains.
    World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 1995 Sep;11(5):572-7 PMID: 24414916
  56. Prevalence of Vibrio cholerae with heat-stable enterotoxin (NAG-ST) and cholera toxin genes; restriction fragment length polymorphisms of NAG-ST genes among V. cholerae O serogroups from a major shrimp production area in Thailand.
    J Med Microbiol. 1995 Sep;43(3):216-20 PMID: 7650730
  57. Distribution of the zot (zonula occludens toxin) gene among strains of Vibrio cholerae 01 and non-01.
    FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1993 Jan 15;106(2):143-5 PMID: 8454179
  58. Role of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase in the function of cholera toxin.
    Infect Immun. 1992 Feb;60(2):406-15 PMID: 1730470
  59. Genomics happens.
    Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1488-9 PMID: 10991736
  60. Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and other vibrios: occurrence and distribution in Chesapeake Bay.
    Science. 1977 Oct 28;198(4315):394-6 PMID: 910135
  61. Experimental non-O group 1 Vibrio cholerae gastroenteritis in humans.
    J Clin Invest. 1990 Mar;85(3):697-705 PMID: 2312721
  62. Characterization of outer membrane protein OmpU of Vibrio cholerae O1.
    Infect Immun. 1998 Oct;66(10):4726-8 PMID: 9746570
  63. The aquatic environment as a reservoir of Vibrio cholerae: a review.
    J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. 1993 Dec;11(4):197-206 PMID: 8188990
  64. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a heat-stable enterotoxin gene from Vibrio cholerae non-O1 isolated from a patient with traveler's diarrhea.
    Infect Immun. 1990 Oct;58(10):3325-9 PMID: 2205577
  65. Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae hemolysin: purification, partial characterization, and immunological relatedness to El Tor hemolysin.
    Infect Immun. 1984 Jul;45(1):192-6 PMID: 6429044
  66. Identity of hemolysins produced by Vibrio cholerae non-O1 and V. cholerae O1, biotype El Tor.
    Infect Immun. 1986 Mar;51(3):927-31 PMID: 3081448
Article Info
Journal
Applied and environmental microbiology
Abbr.
Appl Environ Microbiol
ISSN
0099-2240
DOI
10.1128/AEM.67.6.2421-2429.2001
Email
[email protected]
Published
2001-06-00
Pages
2421-9
Language
English
Region
United States
NLM ID
7605801
PMCID
PMC92890
Subset
IM
Grants
NIAID NIH HHS · R01AI39129-01 · United States
External Links
PubMed source DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.6.2421-2429.2001 PMC Full Text View journal details
Analysis Services
Analysis Services

Contact

No. 2 Wenbo Road, Zhangqiu District, Jinan, Shandong

Qilu Normal University · Genelibs Bioinformatics Lab

750 Shunhua Rd, Jinan

2F, Bldg F, University Science Park

Tel: 0531-88819269

WeChat Official Account

Follow our WeChat subscription account for real-time updates and the latest in medical and biological research.


Business Email

E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright © 2026.Genelibs Jinan Honghui Biotechnology Co., Ltd. 鲁ICP备20007159号-2